Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of acute myocardial infarction cases before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and during the same period in 2019
| Baseline characteristics | January 1–March 3, 2019 (n = 1308) | January 1–March 3, 2020 (n = 1271) | p Value | March 20–July 31, 2019 (n = 2388) | March 20–July 31, 2020 (n = 2052) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age, y; mean (SD) | 69.1 (14.0) | 70.1 (13.3) | 0.05 | 69.0 (13.8) | 69.2 (13.7) | 0.66 |
| Age group, n (%) | — | — | 0.02 | — | — | 0.53 |
| < 65 years | 479 (36.6) | 409 (32.2) | — | 878 (36.8) | 736 (35.9) | — |
| ≥ 65 years | 829 (63.4) | 862 (67.8) | — | 1510 (63.2) | 1316 (64.1) | — |
| Male, n (%) | 830 (63.5) | 788 (62.0) | 0.44 | 1504 (63.0) | 1289 (62.8) | 0.91 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | — | — | 0.66 | — | — | 0.21 |
| White | 625 (47.8) | 587 (46.2) | — | 1120 (46.9) | 1004 (48.9) | — |
| Hispanic | 373 (28.5) | 363 (28.6) | — | 661 (27.7) | 565 (27.5) | — |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 149 (11.4) | 141 (11.1) | — | 287 (12.0) | 228 (11.1) | — |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 143 (10.9) | 156 (12.3) | — | 271 (11.3) | 201 (9.8) | — |
| Other | 18 (1.4) | 24 (1.9) | — | 49 (2.1) | 54 (2.6) | — |
| Vital signs, mean (SD) | ||||||
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 131.5 (18.4) | 131.4 (17.1) | 0.93 | 131.3 (17.9) | 131.8 (17.7) | 0.34 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 69.5 (12.9) | 68.8 (12.9) | 0.21 | 70.1 (12.9) | 70.0 (13.0) | 0.86 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 75.5 (14.0) | 76.0 (13.8) | 0.35 | 75.5 (14.3) | 75.4 (13.6) | 0.77 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 29.0 (6.2) | 29.2 (6.6) | 0.45 | 29.1 (6.5) | 28.9 (6.2) | 0.31 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | — | — | 0.82 | — | — | 0.35 |
| Current | 116 (8.9) | 107 (8.4) | — | 214 (9.0) | 155 (7.6) | — |
| Former | 521 (39.8) | 511 (40.2) | — | 923 (38.7) | 807 (39.3) | — |
| Never | 648 (49.5) | 636 (50.0) | — | 1211 (50.7) | 1050 (51.2) | — |
| Unknown | 23 (1.8) | 17 (1.3) | — | 40 (1.7) | 40 (1.9) | — |
| Medication use prior to admission, n (%) | ||||||
| Statins | 849 (64.9) | 794 (62.5) | 0.20 | 1465 (61.3) | 1230 (59.9) | 0.34 |
| Nonstatin lipid-lowering therapy | 67 (5.1) | 62 (4.9) | 0.78 | 83 (3.5) | 79 (3.8) | 0.51 |
| β-Blockers | 603 (46.1) | 572 (45.0) | 0.58 | 1075 (45.0) | 884 (43.1) | 0.20 |
| ACE-I | 423 (32.3) | 377 (29.7) | 0.14 | 800 (33.5) | 674 (32.8) | 0.64 |
| ARB | 298 (22.8) | 287 (22.6) | 0.90 | 496 (20.8) | 403 (19.6) | 0.35 |
| Antiplatelets | 273 (20.9) | 265 (20.8) | 0.99 | 473 (19.8) | 414 (20.2) | 0.76 |
| Cardiovascular history, n (%) | ||||||
| Coronary heart disease | 502 (38.4) | 471 (37.1) | 0.49 | 800 (33.5) | 667 (32.5) | 0.49 |
| Prior AMI | 99 (7.6) | 76 (6.0) | 0.11 | 69 (2.9) | 87 (4.2) | 0.01 |
| Unstable angina | 75 (5.7) | 51 (4.0) | 0.04 | 95 (4.0) | 74 (3.6) | 0.52 |
| Coronary artery bypass graft | 8 (0.6) | 4 (0.3) | 0.27 | 13 (0.5) | 12 (0.6) | 0.86 |
| Percutaneous intervention | 74 (5.7) | 47 (3.7) | 0.02 | 74 (3.1) | 74 (3.6) | 0.35 |
| Ischemic stroke | 58 (4.4) | 42 (3.3) | 0.14 | 83 (3.5) | 89 (4.3) | 0.14 |
| Heart failure | 203 (15.5) | 191 (15.0) | 0.73 | 282 (11.8) | 234 (11.4) | 0.67 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 143 (10.9) | 144 (11.3) | 0.75 | 233 (9.8) | 180 (8.8) | 0.26 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 804 (61.5) | 791 (62.2) | 0.69 | 1452 (60.8) | 1102 (53.7) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 552 (42.2) | 562 (44.2) | 0.30 | 972 (40.7) | 783 (38.2) | 0.08 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 273 (20.9) | 265 (20.8) | 0.99 | 439 (18.4) | 332 (16.2) | 0.05 |
| Major depression | 192 (14.7) | 174 (13.7) | 0.47 | 389 (16.3) | 264 (12.9) | 0.001 |
| Malignancy | 88 (6.7) | 73 (5.7) | 0.30 | 139 (5.8) | 131 (6.4) | 0.43 |
| Laboratory measures | ||||||
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL; mean (SD) | 165.3 (52.6) | 170.5 (53.6) | 0.07 | 173.0 (51.1) | 174.5 (53.4) | 0.50 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL; mean (SD) | 47.2 (14.7) | 46.1 (13.6) | 0.17 | 46.8 (13.7) | 46.6 (14.1) | 0.71 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL; mean (SD) | 92.9 (42.7) | 96.4 (44.6) | 0.15 | 98.5 (41.9) | 99.7 (45.9) | 0.54 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL; mean (SD) | 152.7 (116.2) | 164.1 (121.7) | 0.09 | 160.5 (128.0) | 164.9 (121.5) | 0.43 |
| Troponin, ng/mL; median (IQR) | 1.9 (0.6–7.1) | 1.9 (0.5–6.8) | 0.41 | 1.8 (0.5–6.4) | 1.9 (0.5–7.0) | 0.21 |
| Length of stay, d; mean (SD) | 5.9 (7.3) | 5.6 (5.9) | 0.30 | 5.7 (6.3) | 5.8 (6.4) | 0.37 |
ACE-I = angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; AMI = acute myocardial infarction; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BP = blood pressure; HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; IQR = interquartile range; LDL-C = low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; SD = standard deviation.