Table 4.
Comparison of characteristics between participants with and without shoulder stiffness
| Shoulder stiffness (−)
n = 255 |
Shoulder stiffness (+)
n = 242 |
p | |
| Distribution of age (y) (n [%]) | 0.000 | ||
| (mean ± SD) | 66.8 ± 11.1 | 61.3 ± 13.0 | |
| <50 | 21 (8.2) | 44 (18.2) | |
| 50-59 | 38 (14.9) | 57 (23.6) | |
| 60-69 | 70 (27.5) | 64 (26.4) | |
| ≥70 | 126 (49.4) | 77 (31.8) | |
| Sex (n [%]) | 0.101 | ||
| Male | 88 (34.5) | 67 (27.7) | |
| Female | 167 (64.5) | 175 (72.3) | |
| Disc degeneration | |||
| Matsumoto’s calssification | |||
| The most severity grade (n [%]) | 0.002 | ||
| Grade 0 | 3 (1.2) | 5 (2.1) | |
| Grade 1 | 44 (17.3) | 70 (28.9) | |
| Grade 2 | 208 (81.5) | 167 (69.0) | |
| DDD score (range 0-12) | 7.68 ± 3.03 | 6.60 ± 3.01 | 0.000 |
| Miyazaki’s classification | |||
| The most severity grade (n [%]) | 0.051 | ||
| Grade 1 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Grade 2 | 6 (2.4) | 6 (2.5) | |
| Grade 3 | 29 (11.4) | 53 (21.9) | |
| Grade 4 | 190 (74.5) | 151 (62.4) | |
| Grade 5 | 30 (11.8) | 31 (12.8) | |
| DDD score (range 0-30) | 19.99 ± 3.78 | 18.80 ± 4.04 | 0.001 |
| Nakashima’s classification | |||
| The most severity grade (n [%]) | 0.267 | ||
| Grade 1 | 4 (1.6) | 5 (2.1) | |
| Grade 2 | 10 (3.9) | 24 (9.9) | |
| Grade 3 | 208 (81.6) | 180 (74.4) | |
| Grade 4 | 30 (11.8) | 33 (13.6) | |
| DDD score (range 0-24) | 15.41 ± 3.20 | 14.43 ± 3.52 | 0.001 |
| Jacobs’ classification | |||
| The most severity grade (n [%]) | 0.422 | ||
| Grade 0 | 8 (3.1) | 22 (9.1) | |
| Grade 1 | 213 (83.5) | 185 (76.4) | |
| Grade 2 | 22 (8.6) | 22 (9.1) | |
| Grade 3 | 12 (4.7) | 13 (5.49) | |
| DDD score (range 0-18) | 4.67 ± 2.02 | 4.11 ± 2.36 | 0.004 |
| Suzuki’s classification | |||
| The most severity grade (n [%]) | 0.006 | ||
| Grade 0 | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | |
| Grade 1 | 38 (14.9) | 53 (21.9) | |
| Grade 2 | 113 (44.3) | 100 (41.3) | |
| Grade 3 | 104 (40.8) | 88 (36.4) | |
| DDD score (range 0-18) | 8.97 ± 2.53 | 8.27 ± 2.73 | 0.002 |
| Modic change (n [%]) | 0.239 | ||
| None | 245 (96.1) | 225 (92.9) | |
| Presence | 10 (3.9) | 17 (7.0) | |
| Type 1 | 4 | 6 | |
| Type 2 | 5 | 11 | |
| Type 3 | 3 | 2 | |
| Schmorl node (n [%]) | 0.940 | ||
| None | 172 (67.5) | 164 (67.8) | |
| Presence | 83 (32.5) | 78 (32.2) |
Abbreviations: DDD, degenerative disc disease.