Table 2.

Studies, measure sources, ages, and sample sizes

Study	Spatial measures	Age range (years)	Female CAH N	Female Control N	Male CAH N	Male Control N
Baker and Ehrhardt (1974); Baker (1993) for demographics	PMA-Spatial Relationsa	4–29	13	11	8	14
Berenbaum et al. (2012)	V&K Mental Rotationsb PMA-Spatial Relationsa Water levelc	16–30	19	13	12	14
Dittmann et al. (1993)	Block Designd	16–41s	17	10	-	-
Hampson and Rovet (2015)	V&K Mental Rotationsb Card Rotationse DAT-Space Relationsf	12–30t	22	13	8	6
Hampson et al. (1998)	PMA-Spatial Relationsg (suitable for 8–12 yr olds)	8–12	7	6	5	4
Helleday et al. (1994)	Figure Rotationh Rod-and-Framei SRB3 (Block Design)j Gottschaldt Hidden Figuresk	17–34	22	22	-	-
Hines et al.(2003)/Collaer et al. (2016)	V&K Mental Rotations-Revl PMA-Spatial Relationsa Water Levelm Rod-and-Framen JLAPo	12–45	40	29	29	30
Inozemtseva et al. (2008)	Lines Orientation (embedded figure task)p	7–16	11	11	-	-
Malouf et al. (2006)	Cube Comparisonse	20–73	24	10	-	-
McGuire et al. (1975); McGuire and Omenn (1975)	Block Designq	5–32	15	15	16	16
Resnick et al. (1986); Resnick (1982)	V&K Mental Rotationsb Card Rotationse Paper Foldinge Paper Form Boardr Hidden Patternse	11–31	17	13	8	14

Note. PMA = Primary Mental Abilities battery; V & K = Vandenberg and Kuse; JLAP = Judgment of Line Angle and Position; DAT = Differential Aptitude Tests.

Citations provided by authors, unless noted otherwise (see Supplementary Material for spatial test references as provided by original studies):

^aThurstone (1963); despite minor name differences in original articles, PMA “Spatial” (Baker & Ehrhardt, 1974) and “Space” (Berenbaum et al., 2012) are presumed or confirmed to be the PMA-Spatial Relations test.

^bVandenberg and Kuse (1978).

^cHarris (undated) personal communication, see Berenbaum et al. (2012).

^dSubtest of the German-language Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler (1955).

^eEkstrom et al. (1976).

^fBennett et al. (1982).

^gCited as Thurstone & Thurstone (1963), but the same as Thurstone (1963), personal communication with author.

^hDureman et al., (1971).

ⁱBergman et al. (1985).

^jLezak (1983).

^kKolb & Whishaw (1985).

^lPeters et al. (1995).

^mLiben (1990).

ⁿOltman (1968), Witkin et al. (1962).

^oCollaer & Nelson (2002).

^pMatute et al. (2007).

^qSubtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; Wechsler (1958, 1965).

^rNo citation given, but presumably an edition or modification of the Minnesota Paper Form Board Test (Quasha & Likert, 1937).

^sAges for the full sample started at 11 years, but the relevant spatial means and SDs were given only for participants aged 16 and older.

^tParticipants aged 11.5 to 21 years were recruited and three females above 21 years also volunteered, with ages available for two of the three (22 and 30 years).