Table 1. Characteristics of participants by hypertension status.
| Demographics | Hypertension | No hypertension | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | < 0.01 | ||||
| Mean | 57.65 | 42.60 | |||
| SE | 0.22 | 0.27 | |||
| Sex | 0.32 | ||||
| Male | 3,472 (48.41) | 4,590 (47.45) | |||
| Female | 3,677 (51.59) | 4,945 (52.55) | |||
| Ethnicity/race | < 0.01 | ||||
| Mexican American | 806 (25.47) | 1,593 (9.53) | |||
| Non-Hispanic white | 3,429 (39.35) | 4,305 (68.41) | |||
| Non-Hispanic black | 1,846 (47.75) | 1,587 (8.97) | |||
| Other Hispanic | 622 (28.97) | 1,030 (5.97) | |||
| Other race | 446 (29.79) | 1,020 (7.11) | |||
| Education level | < 0.01 | ||||
| Less than 9th | 819 (6.29) | 797 (4.44) | |||
| 9–11 grade | 1,125 (12.51) | 1,266 (10.13) | |||
| High school diploma/GED | 1,791 (24.86) | 1,999 (20.38) | |||
| Some college/associate | 2,040 (31.78) | 2,780 (30.29) | |||
| College graduate or above | 1,367 (24.56) | 2,684 (34.75) | |||
| Family income | < 0.01 | ||||
| < $20,000 | 1,860 (27.85) | 1,989 (15.82) | |||
| $20,000–$44,999 | 2,147 (32.15) | 2,712 (25.51) | |||
| $45,000–$64,999 | 921 (13.79) | 1,246 (15.62) | |||
| > $65,000 | 1,750 (26.20) | 2,931 (43.05) | |||
| Smoking status | < 0.01 | ||||
| Never smoked | 3,629 (50.56) | 5,550 (65.34) | |||
| Current smoker | 1,282 (17.51) | 2,036 (20.18) | |||
| Former smoker | 2,238 (31.94) | 1,948 (21.40) | |||
| Alcohol consumption | < 0.01 | ||||
| Mild consumption | 728 (16.17) | 857 (12.17) | |||
| Heavy consumption | 3,464 (83.83) | 5,694 (87.83) | |||
| Physical activity | < 0.01 | ||||
| Inactive or inefficiently active | 675 (12.53) | 710 (8.53) | |||
| Active | 883 (19.80) | 1,403 (19.75) | |||
| Hyperactive | 3,174 (67.67) | 5,429 (71.72) | |||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | |||||
| SE | 0.12 | 0.10 | < 0.01 | ||
| Mean | 30.87 | 27.73 | |||
| Under weight | 63 (0.93) | 178 (1.66) | < 0.01 | ||
| Normal weight | 1,277 (17.69) | 3,161 (34.28) | |||
| Overweight | 2,279 (32.18) | 3,276 (34.89) | |||
| Obese | 3,530 (49.2) | 2,920 (29.16) | |||
| Dietary components | |||||
| Calcium (mg/d) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Mean | 836.56 | 897.70 | |||
| SE | 7.27 | 6.33 | |||
| Magnesium (mg/d) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Mean | 260.06 | 279.60 | |||
| SE | 1.91 | 2.22 | |||
| Ca:Mg Ratio | 0.58 | ||||
| Mean | 3.41 | 3.39 | |||
| SE | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||
| Sodium (mg/d) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Mean | 3,246.08 | 3,410.70 | |||
| SE | 22.41 | 19.03 | |||
| Potassium (mg/d) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Mean | 2,335.21 | 2,480.01 | |||
| SE | 16.92 | 14.48 | |||
| Na:K Ratio | 0.16 | ||||
| Mean | 1.51 | 1.49 | |||
| SE | 0.011 | 0.009 | |||
| Calcium (mg/d) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Bellow RDA | 5,482 (73.35) | 6,620 (67.45) | |||
| Meeting RDA | 989 (15.44) | 1,623 (17.93) | |||
| Above RDA | 678 (11.21) | 1,292 (14.62) | |||
| Magnesium (mg/d) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Bellow RDA | 5,486 (74.21) | 6,510 (66.39) | |||
| Meeting RDA | 1,128 (16.91) | 2,015 (22.55) | |||
| Above RDA | 535 (8.88) | 1,010 (11.06) | |||
| Sodium (mg/d) | < 0.01 | ||||
| Meeting UL | 2,240 (27.32) | 2,305 (21.95) | |||
| Above UL | 4,909 (72.68) | 7,230 (78.05) | |||
| Potassium (mg/d) | 0.30 | ||||
| Bellow AI | 6,988 (97.39) | 9,249 (97.02) | |||
| Meeting AI | 161 (2.61) | 286 (2.97) | |||
Values are presented as number (%).
For male between 20–70 years old, Below RDA is Ca < 1,000 mg/day, Meeting RDA Ca = 1,000 mg/day, Above RDA Ca > 1,000 mg/day; For male above 70 years old, Ca RDA: Below RDA is Ca < 1,200 mg/day, Meeting RDA is Ca = 1,200 mg/day, Above RDA is Ca > 1,200 mg/day. For female between 20–50 years old, Ca Below RDA is Ca < 1,000 mg/day, Meeting RDA is Ca = 1,000 mg/day, Above RDA is Ca > 1,000 mg/day, For female above 50 years old, Below RDA is Ca < 1,200 mg/day, Meeting RDA is Ca = 1,200 mg/day, Above RDA is Ca > 1,200 mg/day.
For male between 20–30 years old Mg Below RDA is Mg < 400 mg/day, Meeting RDA is Mg = 400 mg/day, Above RDA is Mg > 400 mg/day, For male above 30 years old, Below RDA is Mg < 420 mg/day, Meeting RDA is Mg = 420 mg/day, Above RDA is Mg > 420 mg/day; For female between 20–30 years old, Below RDA is Mg < 310 mg/day, Meeting RDA is Mg = 310 mg/day, Above RDA is Mg > 310 mg/day, For female above 30 years old, Below RDA is Mg < 320 mg/day, Meeting RDA Mg = 320 g/day, Above RDA Mg > 320 mg/day.
UL for Na is < 2,300 mg/day; AI for K is > 4,700 mg/day.
GED, general educational development.