Table 1.

Summary of Time-Frequency Measures.

Measure	Formula	Definition	Example Studies
TF Power	$\mathit{TF\; Power}=\frac{1}{n}*\sum _{x=1}^n{\left(M_{\mathit{tf}}\right)}^2$	Signal strength at a specific time and frequency	(Bishop et al., 2011, Bowers et al., 2018, Buzzell et al., 2020, Morales et al., 2019, Nelson et al., 2018)
ITPS	$I\mathit{TPS}=\left|\frac{1}{n}*\sum _{x=1}^n{e}^{{i\varphi }_{\mathit{tf}}}\right|$	Phase consistency at a specific time and frequency examined across trials	(Bishop et al., 2011, Bowers et al., 2018, DuPuis et al., 2015, Gavin et al., 2019, Morales et al., 2021)
ICPS	$\mathit{IC}\mathit{PS}=\left|\frac{1}{n}*\sum _{x=1}^n{e}^{i\left[{\varphi }_{\mathit{jtf}}-{\varphi }_{\mathit{ktf}}\right]}\right|$	Phase consistency at a specific time and frequency examined across a pair of electrodes or clusters	(Bowers et al., 2021, Buzzell et al., 2019, Debnath et al., 2019, Morales et al., 2021)
wPLI	$\mathit{wPLI}=\left|\frac{\sum _{x=1}^n\left|\mathit{Imag}\left[{\mathit{e}}^{i\left({\varphi }_{\mathit{jtf}}-{\varphi }_{\mathit{ktf}}\right)}\right]\right|\mathit{sgn}\left(\mathit{Imag}\left[{\mathit{e}}^{i\left({\varphi }_{\mathit{jtf}}-{\varphi }_{\mathit{ktf}}\right)}\right]\right)}{\sum _{x=1}^n\left|\mathit{Imag}\left[{\mathit{e}}^{i\left({\varphi }_{\mathit{jtf}}-{\varphi }_{\mathit{ktf}}\right)}\right]\right|}\right|$	Phase consistency at a specific time and frequency examined across a pair of electrodes or clusters that minimizes activity likely due to volume conduction	(Debnath et al., 2021, Haartsen et al., 2019, Perone and Gartstein, 2019, Orekhova et al., 2014, Xie et al., 2019)