L-2HG stabilizes HIF-1α via inhibition of the PHDs.A, BMDMs treated with 10 μM MG132 for 1 h prior to octyl-L-2GH or octyl-D-2HG (500 μM), or DMOG (1 mM) or CoCl2 (100 μM) for 5 h. B, BMDMs treated with DMOG (1 mM) for 2 h prior to treatment with octyl-L-2HG or octyl-D-2HG (500 μM) for 3 h. C, Hif1a expression in BMDMs treated with octyl-L-2HG (500 μM) for 3 h prior to LPS (100 ng/ml) for 24 h. D, Hif1a expression in BMDMs treated with L-2HG or D-2HG at the indicated concentration for 24 h prior to LPS stimulation (100 ng/ml) for 24 h, n = 3. Western blots are representative of n = 3, graphs represent the mean ± S.E.M.; ∗∗∗∗ p < 0.0001; ns, not significant; one-way ANOVA. 2HG, 2-hydroxyglutarate; BMDM, bone-marrow-derived macrophage; LPS, lipopolysaccharide.