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. 2021 Apr 20;57(2):397–410. doi: 10.1007/s00127-021-02079-9

Table 4.

Logistic regression for factors associated with recorded loneliness at the index datea (Odds ratio (95% Confidence interval), P value)

Covariates Model 1: unadjusted Model 2: adjusted for each other Model 3: adjusted for each other
HoNOS data present 4.19 (3.84, 4.57), < 0.001 b b
10-year increase in Age 1.10 (1.05, 1.15), < 0.001 1.04 (1.01, 1.08), 0.01 1.03 (1.01, 1.04), 0.05
Male gender 0.70 (0.66, 0.75), < 0.001 0.80 (0.72, 0.88), < 0.001 0.75 (0.70, 0.82), < 0.001
Ethnicity
 White Ref Ref
 Black 1.38 (1.28, 1.49), < 0.001 1.09 (0.97, 1.22), 0.14
 Asian 1.18 (1.02, 1.36), 0.03 0.96 (0.78, 1.18), 0.69
 Other 0.95 (0.84, 1.07), 0.39 1.04 (0.87, 1.23), 0.70
Non-cohabiting 1.99 (1.81, 2.19), < 0.001 1.69 (1.50, 1.90), < 0.001 1.68 (1.50, 1.89), < 0.001
Living alone 1.98 (1.84, 2.12), < 0.001 1.64 (1.50, 1.80), < 0.001 1.66 (1.52, 1.82), < 0.001
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)
 First quintile (least deprived) Ref Ref Ref
 Second quintile 1.52 (1.36, 1.7), < 0.001 1.15 (0.98, 1.36), 0.09 1.13 (0.98, 1.29), 0.08
 Third quintile 1.61 (1.45, 1.8), < 0.001 1.23 (1.05, 1.45), 0.01 1.16 (1.01, 1.33), 0.03
 Fourth quintile 1.67 (1.49, 1.86), < 0.001 1.23 (1.04, 1.45), 0.01 1.13 (0.99, 1.30), 0.07
 Fifth quintile 1.66 (1.49, 1.86), < 0.001 1.30 (1.10, 1.53), < 0.001 1.19 (1.04, 1.36), 0.01
HoNOS problems presentc
 Agitation problems 0.93 (0.84, 1.03), 0.15
 Self-injury problems 1.59 (1.39, 1.83), < 0.001 1.14 (0.96, 1.37), 0.14
 Drinking problems 1.27 (1.14, 1.41), < 0.001 1.03 (0.91, 1.18), 0.57
 Cognitive problems 0.79 (0.72, 0.86), < 0.001 0.91 (0.80, 1.04), 0.19
 Physical health problems 1.06 (0.98, 1.15), 0.14
 Hallucinations 1.11 (1.02, 1.21), 0.01 0.99 (0.88, 1.12), 0.94
 Depressed 1.25 (1.16, 1.35), < 0.001 1.08 (0.96, 1.20), 0.19
 Relationship problems 1.44 (1.33, 1.55), < 0.001 1.44 (1.30, 1.59), < 0.001 1.42 (1.30, 1.56), < 0.001
 Daily living problems 0.98 (0.91, 1.06), 0.69
 Living conditions problems 1.23 (1.11, 1.36), < 0.001 1.01 (0.89, 1.17), 0.78
 Occupational problems 1.09 (1.01, 1.18), 0.04 0.92 (0.82, 1.02), 0.12
Mental health diagnosis
 SMI 2.29 (2.14, 2.45), < 0.001 1.43 (1.27, 1.61), < 0.001 1.44 (1.29, 1.62), < 0.001
 Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use 1.15 (0.96, 1.38), 0.12
 Dementia 1.15 (1.03, 1.29), 0.02 1.05 (0.82, 1.33), 0.70
 Anxiety 1.35 (1.18, 1.55), < 0.001 1.03 (0.84, 1.26), 0.78
 Personality disorders 3.38 (2.96, 3.86), < 0.001 1.59 (1.33, 1.90), < 0.001 1.63 (1.37, 1.94), < 0.001
 Eating disorders 2.10 (1.72, 2.57), < 0.001 2.17 (1.65, 2.86), < 0.001 1.67 (1.29, 2.25), 0.03
 Depression 2.18 (2.02, 2.36), < 0.001 1.32 (1.17, 1.49), < 0.001 1.35 (1.20, 1.52), < 0.001
Pain relief medication received
 Analgesics 1.70 (1.57, 1.83), < 0.001 1.48 (1.31, 1.68), < 0.001 1.49 (1.32, 1.68), < 0.001
Psychiatric medication received
 Antipsychotics 2.44 (2.28, 2.61), < 0.001 1.17 (1.03, 1.32), 0.01 1.15 (1.02, 1.30), 0.03
 Antidepressants 2.44 (2.29, 2.61), < 0.001 1.48 (1.33, 1.64), < 0.001 1.46 (1.32, 1.62), < 0.001
 Anxiolytics and hypnotics 2.88 (2.7, 3.08), < 0.001 1.62 (1.46, 1.79), < 0.001 1.63 (1.47, 1.80), < 0.001
Previous hospital admission
 Syncope and collapse 1.93 (1.75, 2.12), < 0.001 1.36 (1.19, 1.59), < 0.001 1.40 (1.22, 1.60), < 0.001
 Hearing problems 1.62 (1.17, 2.24), < 0.001 1.03 (0.57, 1.85), 0.93
 Osteoporosis 1.44 (1.10, 1.87), 0.01 0.96 (0.59, 1.56), 0.86
 Visual disturbance and blindness 1.44 (1.05, 1.98), 0.03 1.33 (0.77, 2.31), 0.31
 UTIs 1.53 (1.32, 1.78), < 0.001 1.05 (0.79, 1.39), 0.73
 Parkinson’s disease 0.82 (0.50, 1.33), 0.42
 Circulatory diseases 1.34 (1.22, 1.46), < 0.001 1.11 (0.94, 1.31), 0.21

aHealth of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS) is a binary variable with score of 0 and 1 is defined as no problem and score of 2,3 and 4 is defined as a severe problem

bData present/missing were omitted because of collinearity

cModel 2: AIC = 15,748.6; BIC = 16,024.8; Model 3: AIC = 15,731.2; BIC = 16,037.4;