Table 4.

The mediation effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between depression and psychological well-being.

Effect	Standardized estimator	S.E.	Z-value	p	95% CI
A) Among all participants (N = 406)
Direct effect:
PHQ-9 → WHO-5	−0.48	0.04	−11.20	<0.001	−0.56 ~−0.39
Indirect effect:
PHQ-9 → GSE → WHO-5	−0.05	0.01	−3.29	0.001	−0.07 ~−0.02
PHQ-9 → CD-RISC2 → WHO-5	−0.02	0.01	−1.44	0.15	−0.05 ~ 0.01
Total effect:
PHQ-9 → WHO-5	−0.54	0.04	−12.94	<0.001	−0.62 ~−0.46
B) Among participants more stressful to COVID-19 (N = 216)
Direct effect:
PHQ-9 → WHO-5	−0.41	0.06	−6.89	<0.001	−0.53 ~−0.29
Indirect effect:
PHQ-9 → GSE → WHO-5	−0.04	0.02	−2.02	0.04	−0.08 ~−0.001
PHQ-9 → CD-RISC2 → WHO-5	−0.03	0.02	−3.39	0.13	−0.06 ~ 0.01
Total effect:
PHQ-9 → WHO-5	−0.47	0.06	−7.87	<0.001	−0.59 ~−0.36
C) Among participants more stressful to the Beirut explosion (N = 95)
Direct effect:
PHQ-9 → WHO-5	−0.59	0.08	−7.17	<0.001	−0.76 ~−0.43
Indirect effect:
PHQ-9 → GSE → WHO-5	−0.07	0.05	−1.43	0.15	−0.17 ~ 0.03
PHQ-9 → CD-RISC2 → WHO-5	−0.02	0.03	−0.61	0.54	−0.08 ~ 0.04
Total effect:
PHQ-9 → WHO-5	−0.68	0.08	−9.07	<0.001	−0.83 ~−0.54

S.E., standard error; CI, confidence interval; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9 items; WHO-5, World Health Organization-5 Well-being index; GSE, General Self-Efficacy; CD-RISC2, Connor Davidson Resilience Scale 2 items.