Table 1.
Characteristics of the subjects during the study period.
| 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 299855 | 318065 | 335771 | 355019 | 369600 | 384826 | 395470 | 402312 | 401175 | 404252 | 400209 | 394266 | – |
| Age, mean (SD), years | 68.4 (12.2) | 68.6 (12.3) | 68.8 (12.4) | 68.9 (12.5) | 69.1 (12.6) | 69.3 (12.6) | 69.5 (12.7) | 69.7 (12.7) | 69.9 (12.6) | 70.1 (12.6) | 70.2 (12.6) | 70.3 (12.5) | <0.001* |
| Age >75 years, n (%) | 98104 (32.7) |
107607 (33.8) | 115629 (34.4) | 124675 (35.1) | 132801 (35.9) | 140657 (36.6) | 144226 (36.5) | 145462 (36.2) | 147890 (36.9) | 149950 (37.1) | 148749 (37.2) | 148385 (37.6) | <0.001** |
| Diabetes duration, (years) | 5.72 (5.58) | 6.17 (5.59) | 6.56 (5.63) | 6.93 (5.71) | 7.32 (5.80) | 7.68 (5.92) | 8.04 (6.03) | 8.46 (6.08) | 8.89 (6.17) | 9.33 (6.30) | 9.76 (6.42) | 10.2 (6.57) | <0.001* |
| Sex (male), n (%) | 155534 (51.9) | 166499 (52.3) | 177329 (52.8) | 188809 (53.2) | 197641 (53.5) | 206793 (53.7) | 213202 (53.9) | 217706 (54.1) | 218271 (54.4) | 220818 (54.6) | 219289 (54.8) | 216708 (55.0) | <0.001** |
| Smoking habit, n (%) | |||||||||||||
| No smoker | 151906 (64.5) | 169301 (64.3) | 186097 (64.0) | 212027 (64.7) | 224377 (64.3) | 233993 (63.7) | 233957 (61.4) | 230948 (59.2) | 224317 (57.3) | 221448 (55.9) | 216008 (54.8) | 209774 (53.8) | <0.001** |
| Ex-smoker | 42554 (18.1) | 46441 (17.6) | 49119 (16.9) | 50377 (15.4) | 50347 (14.4) | 51658 (14.1) | 54518 (14.3) | 56625 (14.5) | 56756 (14.5) | 57323 (14.5) | 57457 (14.6) | 56060 (14.4) | <0.001** |
| Current smoker | 40926 (17.4) | 47488 (18.0) | 55656 (19.1) | 65449 (20.0) | 74050 (21.2) | 81493 (22.2) | 92541 (24.3) | 102432 (26.3) | 110433 (28.2) | 117462 (29.6) | 120801 (30.6) | 124391 (31.9) | <0.001** |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | |||||||||||||
| No alcohol consumption | 82147 (70.0) | 93138 (70.9) | 108256 (70.7) | 129886 (70.5) | 137741 (71.0) | 151994 (71.6) | 169619 (69.5) | 159519 (65.5) | 160084 (64.4) | 166452 (64.2) | 161344 (63.7) | 167135 (63.9) | <0.001** |
| Low risk alcohol consumption | 31721 (27.0) | 34600 (26.3) | 41045 (26.8) | 50310 (27.3) | 52133 (26.9) | 56258 (26.5) | 70112 (28.7) | 79852 (32.8) | 84434 (34.0) | 88968 (34.3) | 88419 (34.9) | 91182 (34.8) | <0.001** |
| High risk alcohol consumption | 3492 (2.98) | 3578 (2.72) | 3781 (2.47) | 4069 (2.21) | 4021 (2.07) | 4038 (1.90) | 4328 (1.77) | 4303 (1.77) | 3977 (1.60) | 3803 (1.47) | 3525 (1.39) | 3335 (1.27) | <0.001** |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||||||||||
| Hypertension | 222302 (74.1) | 237453 (74.7) | 253054 (75.4) | 269075 (75.8) | 281742 (76.2) | 294236 (76.5) | 304925 (77.1) | 311876 (77.5) | 312206 (77.8) | 315212 (78.0) | 312336 (78.0) | 308599 (78.3) | <0.001** |
| Hypercholesterolemia | 169551 (56.5) | 185959 (58.5) | 205119 (61.1) | 224327 (63.2) | 239694 (64.9) | 253181 (65.8) | 266431 (67.4) | 274067 (68.1) | 275969 (68.8) | 278764 (69.0) | 277187 (69.3) | 274519 (69.6) | <0.001** |
| Obesity | 75824 (45.2) | 77715 (45.1) | 81900 (45.4) | 89403 (45.6) | 91969 (45.5) | 97538 (45.4) | 112956 (46.3) | 119249 (46.4) | 121540 (46.1) | 125400 (46.0) | 123006 (45.3) | 122075 (44.8) | <0.001** |
| Retinopathy | 14466 (4.8) | 16976 (5.3) | 19892 (5.9) | 22930 (6.5) | 25440 (6.9) | 28177 (7.3) | 31020 (7.8) | 34166 (8.5) | 36446 (9.1) | 38403 (9.5%) | 39175 (9.79) | 40676 (10.3) | <0.001** |
| Chronic kidney Disease | 60473 (20.2) | 68120 (21.4) | 77217 (23.0) | 84019 (23.7) | 87471 (23.7) | 96813 (25.2) | 103750 (26.2) | 111530 (27.7) | 116389 (29.0) | 117985 (29.2) | 121388 (30.3) | 124078 (31.5) | <0.001** |
| Cardiovascular disease | 55035 (18.4) | 61252 (19.3) | 67826 (20.2) | 74674 (21.0) | 80154 (21.7) | 85780 (22.3) | 90173 (22.8) | 93578 (23.3) | 94779 (23.6) | 97136 (24.0) | 97202 (24.3) | 96379 (24.4) | <0.001** |
| Heart failure | 13498 (4.5) | 15275 (4.8) | 17176 (5.1) | 19653 (5.5) | 21852 (5.9) | 24623 (6.4) | 27012 (6.8) | 28664 (7.1) | 29331 (7.3) | 30218 (7.5) | 29777 (7.4) | 28870 (7.3) | <0.001** |
| Clinical variables, mean, (SD) | |||||||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 138 (16.9) | 137 (16.5) | 136 (16.1) | 135 (15.6) | 135 (15.3) | 134 (14.8) | 133 (14.4) | 133 (14.2) | 133 (13.9) | 133 (13.6) | 133 (13.8) | 133 (13.7) | <0.001* |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 76.4 (9.79) | 76.1 (9.78) | 75.8 (9.81) | 75.5 (9.82) | 75.2 (9.84) | 74.7 (9.74) | 74.4 (9.77) | 74.5 (9.77) | 74.7 (9.73) | 74.9 (9.68) | 75.0 (9.77) | 75.1 (9.74) | <0.001* |
| BMI >30 kg/m2 | 75824 (45.2) | 77715 (45.1) | 81900 (45.4) | 89403 (45.6) | 91969 (45.5) | 97538 (45.4) | 112956 (46.3) | 119249 (46.4) | 121540 (46.1) | 125400 (46.0) | 123006 (45.3) | 122075 (44.8) | <0.001* |
| BMI, (kg/m2) | 30.1 (5.02) | 30.1 (5.01) | 30.1 (5.05) | 30.1 (5.07) | 30.1 (5.08) | 30.1 (5.11) | 30.2 (5.18) | 30.2 (5.19) | 30.2 (5.20) | 30.2 (5.22) | 30.1 (5.21) | 30.0 (5.21) | <0.001* |
| HbA1c, (%) | 7.16 (1.46) | 7.23 (1.48) | 7.25 (1.47) | 7.17 (1.36) | 7.25 (1.36) | 7.22 (1.33) | 7.09 (1.31) | 7.07 (1.29) | 7.10 (1.29) | 7.10 (1.31) | 7.07 (1.29) | 7.09 (1.29) | <0.001* |
| Cholesterol Total,(mg/dL) | 194 (39.5) | 192 (39.9) | 193 (39.9) | 190 (39.8) | 188 (39.3) | 187 (39.4) | 184 (39.4) | 184 (39.2) | 183 (39.7) | 182 (39.8) | 183 (40.5) | 182 (40.4) | <0.001* |
| Cholesterol HDL,(mg/dL) | 50.0 (13.3) | 49.9 (13.3) | 49.1 (13.2) | 48.6 (12.9) | 48.9 (13.2) | 49.0 (13.2) | 49.4 (13.2) | 49.0 (13.1) | 48.9 (13.0) | 48.9 (13.0) | 49.3 (13.1) | 48.7 (12.7) | <0.001* |
| Cholesterol LDL,(mg/dL) | 115 (33.0) | 113 (33.3) | 114 (33.3) | 112 (33.0) | 109 (32.8) | 109 (32.8) | 105 (32.7) | 105 (32.5) | 105 (32.7) | 103 (32.5) | 103 (33.1) | 103 (33.3) | <0.001* |
| Triglycerides, (mg/dL) | 153 (110) | 155 (108) | 157 (107) | 153 (103) | 155 (104) | 154 (103) | 156 (102) | 157 (103) | 158 (103) | 159 (105) | 162 (106) | 159 (104) | <0.001* |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73m2) | 73.9 (17.0) | 73.5 (17.3) | 73.0 (17.6) | 73.6 (17.5) | 74.3 (17.6) | 73.8 (17.8) | 73.4 (17.9) | 72.8 (18.2) | 72.7 (18.4) | 73.7 (18.4) | 73.5 (18.5) | 73.4 (18.5) | <0.001* |
| Albumin/creatinine rat (mg/g) | 38.0 (138) | 39.3 (141) | 39.7 (149) | 41.6 (158) | 40.7 (153) | 42.6 (158) | 44.1 (165) | 48.7 (181) | 54.3 (202) | 58.2 (211) | 62.3 (223) | 64.4 (227) | <0.001* |
| Drug treatments, n (%) | |||||||||||||
| Antidiabetic drugs | 206701 (68.9) | 222751 (70.0) | 238624 (71.1) | 257162 (72.4) | 271761 (73.5) | 284746 (74.0) | 292978 (74.1) | 300237 (74.6) | 305678 (76.2) | 312368 (77.3) | 316072 (79.0) | 319272 (81.0) | <0.001** |
| Antithrombotic drugs | 113108 (37.7) | 121593 (38.3) | 132746 (68.2) | 140210 (39.5) | 145230 (39.3) | 141294 (36.7) | 148350 (37.5) | 148959 (37.0) | 147561 (36.8) | 147479 (36.5) | 144272 (36.1) | 139478 (35.4) | <0.001** |
| Lipid-lowering drugs | 124280 (41.4) | 136850 (43.0) | 155808 (46.4) | 173200 (48.8) | 186254 (50.4) | 189858 (49.3) | 203642 (51.5) | 207653 (51.6) | 208937 (52.1) | 209943 (51.9) | 208987 (52.2) | 208840 (53.0) | <0.001** |
| Antihypertensive | 189348 (63.1) | 200707 (63.1) | 215455 (64.2) | 229767 (64.7) | 240860 (65.2) | 247106 (64.2) | 261151 (66.0) | 268779 (66.8) | 271849 (67.8) | 276935 (68.5) | 278346 (69.6) | 278356 (70.6) | <0.001** |
BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; SD, standard deviation; *Anova 1 Factor; **Chi-square trend test.