Fig. 1.

Immune-related biological processes during the latency period of DO. Hematoma is formed at the osteotomy site immediately after the osteotomy, and inflammation occurs with the aggregation and infiltration of different immune cells. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are released to debride the osteotomy site and provide a favorable environment for angiogenesis and osteogenesis. MSCs initially migrate, proliferate, and differentiate in this environment. Growth factors, such as TGF-β, BMP, etc. are secreted by local inflammatory cells and MSCs. Eventually a soft callus with inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, osteogenic precursor cells, collagen, fibrin matrix, and spreading capillaries is formed at the osteotomy site