Table 2.

Changes in immune-related pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors during DO

	Latency period		Distraction period		Consolidation period			Ref.
Items	Early	Late	Early	Late	Early	Middle	Late
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
IL-1	↑↑↑				↑↑	↑↑	↑	^28,76
IL-6	↑↑↑		↑↑	↑↑				²⁸
TNF-α					↑↑	↑↑	↑	^28,76
RANKL			↑↑	↑↑↑	↑↑↑	↑↑	↑↑	^73,75,76
OPG			↑	↑↑	↑↑	↑↑	↑	^73,75,76
RANK-to-OPG ratio			↑	↑	↑↑	↑↑↑	↑↑↑	^73,75,76
Growth factors
TGF-β1		↑↑↑	↑↑↑	↑↑↑	↑↑			^{29,65,68–72,115}
BMP2 and BMP4	↑↑		↑↑↑	↑↑↑	↑↑			^{71,91,126–130}