Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the full cohort and differences among the groups with extreme archetype scores at baseline
| Phenotype | Full cohort | A | B | C | D | MIX | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of individuals | 726 | 103 | 22 | 84 | 45 | 472 | NA |
| XX/XY genotype (%) | 298/428 (41%) | 46/57 (45%) | 8/14 (36%) | 30/54 (36%) | 21/24 (47%) | 193/279 (41%) | 0.9 |
| Age (years) | 61.97 (8.03) | 64.78 (6.08) | 62.68 (8.52) | 60.88 (7.43) | 59.16 (8.07) | 61.79 (8.34) | 0.00016 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 30.44 (4.97) | 25.42 (2.55) | 30.99 (4.85) | 33.47 (4.59) | 32.91 (4.61) | 30.74 (4.69) | 2.2E−35 |
| WHR (m/m) | 0.96 (0.08) | 0.91 (0.07) | 0.97 (0.07) | 1.00 (0.07) | 0.99 (0.08) | 0.97 (0.08) | 3.6E−11 |
| BSA (m2) | 2.07 (0.23) | 1.87 (0.19) | 2.15 (0.18) | 2.17 (0.21) | 2.12 (0.21) | 2.09 (0.22) | 1.2E−19 |
| Fasting C-peptide (pmol/L) | 1,074.99 (392.22) | 706.27 (184.29) | 683.27 (223.54) | 1,627.56 (417.47) | 1,318.58 (315.72) | 1,052.15 (295.45) | 3.3E−60 |
| Fasting HbA1c (mmol/mol Hb) | 46.41 (5.71) | 44.48 (4.19) | 45.64 (5.70) | 44.88 (4.73) | 56.04 (5.75) | 46.22 (5.27) | 3.8E−20 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 7.1 (1.39) | 6.83 (0.88) | 4.15 (1.30) | 6.91 (0.85) | 9.47 (1.45) | 7.10 (1.14) | 6.02E−30 |
| Fasting insulin (nmol/L) | 104.64 (67.23) | 44.17 (17.90) | 54.49 (27.58) | 209.32 (86.40) | 143.51 (64.08) | 97.84 (45.75) | 2.1E−67 |
| Fasting HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.19 (0.38) | 1.52 (0.42) | 0.66 (0.29) | 1.09 (0.32) | 1.04 (0.27) | 1.17 (0.34) | 8.1E−25 |
| Fasting LDL-C (mmol/L) | 2.34 (0.96) | 2.86 (1.04) | 1.19 (0.61) | 2.27 (0.87) | 2.53 (0.81) | 2.28 (0.92) | 1.7E−13 |
| Fasting TG (mmol/L) | 1.51 (0.8) | 1.24 (0.48) | 0.71 (0.41) | 1.79 (1.24) | 2.13 (0.86) | 1.50 (0.70) | 2.8E−16 |
| Fasting ALT (U/L) | 26.43 (14.03) | 21.30 (8.07) | 15.95 (9.88) | 32.73 (18.50) | 36.38 (17.34) | 25.96 (12.98) | 2.4E−16 |
| Fasting AST (U/L) | 25.61 (10.87) | 26.04 (8.82) | 15.95 (5.61) | 27.93 (12.55) | 33.44 (17.00) | 24.81 (9.85) | 1.1E−11 |
| Fasting cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.23 (1.13) | 4.95 (1.10) | 2.19 (10.90) | 4.17 (0.93) | 4.54 (0.94) | 4.15 (1.06) | 6.7E−19 |
| Fasting creatinine (umol/L) | 75.19 (17.38) | 79.45 (13.62) | 42.00 (19.10) | 77.92 (17.57) | 78.44 (17.84) | 75.01 (16.32) | 1.5E−9 |
| Fasting UCPCR (nmol/mmol) | 3.38 (2.16) | 2.70 (1.63) | 2.61 (1.05) | 5.00 (3.44) | 3.11 (1.56) | 3.31 (1.92) | 3.1E−10 |
| Fasting UCpep (nmol/L) | 29.95 (22.94) | 19.96 (18.63) | 28.19 (19.78) | 49.30 (31.16) | 28.70 (19.84) | 28.90 (20.49) | 3.6E−15 |
| Fasting UCreatinine (mmol/L) | 9.72 (5.87) | 8.00 (5.55) | 11.29 (7.08) | 11.56 (6.31) | 10.31 (5.99) | 9.64 (5.69) | 4.6E−4 |
| MMTT 120 min glucose (mmol/L) | 8.72 (2.78) | 7.52 (2.12) | 5.11 (2.12) | 8.32 (1.93) | 13.88 (2.18) | 8.73 (2.47) | 3.4E−32 |
| MMTT 120 min insulin (nmol/L) | 451.03 (350.52) | 222.18 (127.36) | 195.48 (135.96) | 947.31 (598.67) | 474.30 (203.36) | 422.34 (241.77) | 1.7E−44 |
| Mean glucose (nmol/L) | 9.34 (2.01) | 8.53 (1.46) | 6.15 (1.42) | 9.03 (1.25) | 12.87 (1.84) | 9.37 (1.80) | 6.8E−32 |
| Mean insulin (pmol/L) | 458.01 (276.45) | 250.89 (104.02) | 270.44 (128.76) | 936.62 (386.54) | 424.44 (158.74) | 429.97 (181.93) | 1.8E−57 |
| Basal insulin secretion rate (pmol min−1 m−2) | 135.87 (47.45) | 93.43 (23.39) | 87.24 (24.45) | 202.81 (51.81) | 165.59 (42.28) | 132.65 (35.82) | 4.5E−58 |
| Total insulin secretion (nmol m−2) | 44.14 (14.37) | 35.98 (9.86) | 28.68 (8.77) | 64.86 (13.84) | 41.33 (14.76) | 43.23 (1.64) | 2.3E−43 |
| Glucose sensitivity (pmol min−1 m−2 L mmol−1) | 83.67 (55.01) | 79.80 (50.91) | 70.86 (46.90) | 135.46 (69.91) | 34.50 (17.20) | 80.58 (48.79) | 6.7E−29 |
| Rate sensitivity (pmol m−2 L mmol−1) | 1,115.08 (1,044.94) | 950.03 (925.31) | 773.00 (696.38) | 1,715.03 (1,511.39) | 852.24 (576.16) | 1,085.32 (978.29) | 1.0E−45 |
| Potentiation fraction ratio (no unit) | 1.41 (0.57) | 1.76 (0.72) | 1.15 (0.40) | 1.29 (0.45) | 1.13 (0.20) | 1.39 (0.55) | 1.5E−9 |
| Stumvoll | 5.51 (2.71) | 8.33 (1.22) | 7.61 (1.44) | 2.27 (3.35) | 3.52 (1.63) | 5.56 (2.11) | 2.7E−59 |
| Matsuda | 2.94 (2.21) | 5.32 (2.59) | 7.23 (4.12) | 1.15 (0.38) | 1.51 (0.61) | 2.67 (1.52) | 5.0E−71 |
| 2hOGIS (mL min−1 m−2) | 297.17 (69.03) | 334.83 (52.17) | 495.05 (127.13) | 246.21 (42.96) | 231.64 (27.28) | 295.05 (51.11) | 6.4E−49 |
| Basal insulin clearance (L min−1 m−2) | 1.61 (1.02) | 2.45 (2.02) | 1.65 (0.35) | 1.05 (0.28) | 1.28 (0.39) | 1.55 (0.69) | 2.6E−47 |
| Insulin clearance (L min−1 m−2) | 0.93 (0.3) | 1.29 (0.33) | 0.96 (0.26) | 0.62 (0.15) | 0.86 (0.20) | 0.92 (0.25) | 1.2E−49 |
All phenotypes are summarized as mean and SD in parentheses. Differences among the groups were tested with the Kruskal-Wallis test and adjusted for multiple testing with the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure to reduce the false discovery rate (FDR). UCPCR, urine C-peptide/creatinine ratio; UCpep, urine C-peptide; UCreatinine, urine creatinine.