FIGURE 3.

Müller cells were left untreated or treated with high-glucose (HG, 25 mM) [panel (A)] cobalt chloride (CoCl₂) (300 μM) [panel (B)] or tumor necrosis factor -α (TNF-α) (50 ng/ml) [panel (C)] for 24 h or TIMP-3 (100 ng/ml) for 1 h followed by HG, CoCl₂, or TNF-α. For HG treatment, cultures containing 25 mM mannitol were used as a control. Levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) were quantified in the culture media by ELISA. Results are expressed as median (interquartile range) from three different experiments performed in triplicate. Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test were used for comparison between three groups and two groups, respectively. *p < 0.05 compared with values obtained from control cells. ^#p < 0.05 compared with values obtained from cells treated with HG, CoCl₂, or TNF-α.