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. 2022 Jan 24;8(1):00549-2021. doi: 10.1183/23120541.00549-2021

TABLE 2.

Univariate analysis of the overall study cohort

Full cohort# IPAH PH-CLD+
Characteristic HR 95% CI p-value HR 95% CI p-value HR 95% CI p-value
CT – centrilobular ground-glass (CGG) 0.29 0.17–0.50 <0.001 0.44 0.25–0.78 0.005
CT – ground-glass opacification (GGO) 0.53 0.38–0.74 <0.001 0.52 0.32–0.86 0.010 0.72 0.46–1.14 0.2
CT – honeycombing 2.79 1.57–4.99 <0.001 3.72 1.37–10.1 0.010 2.11 1.04–4.30 0.039
CT – consolidation 0.84 0.50–1.40 0.5 1.10 0.45–2.68 0.8 0.60 0.32–1.13 0.11
CT – fibrosis 2.38 1.94–2.91 <0.001 2.48 1.76–3.50 <0.001 1.83 1.42–2.35 <0.001
CT – fibrosis (any present, ref: none)
 None — — — — — —
 Mild 1.94 1.46–2.58 <0.001 2.51 1.72–3.66 <0.001 1.73 1.11–2.71 0.016
 Moderate 2.77 1.99–3.85 <0.001 4.53 2.07–9.92 <0.001 1.71 1.18–2.48 0.005
 Severe 3.19 2.30–4.43 <0.001 1.98 1.40–2.80 <0.001
CT – emphysema 2.09 1.71–2.56 <0.001 2.74 1.96–3.81 <0.001 1.13 0.87–1.47 0.4
CT – emphysema (any present, ref: none)
 None — — — — — —
 Mild 1.78 1.30–2.43 <0.001 2.90 1.89–4.46 <0.001 0.89 0.56–1.42 0.6
 Moderate 2.18 1.69–2.81 <0.001 3.16 2.01–4.97 <0.001 1.13 0.82–1.55 0.5
 Severe 2.92 2.15–3.97 <0.001 11.1 3.92–31.6 <0.001 1.37 0.97–1.93 0.075
CT – CPFE 2.20 1.72–2.80 <0.001 2.09 1.33–3.29 0.001 1.82 1.36–2.44 <0.001
Age at diagnosis years 1.05 1.04–1.05 <0.001 1.06 1.05–1.08 <0.001 1.02 1.01–1.04 <0.001
Male sex 1.66 1.36–2.03 <0.001 1.59 1.16–2.18 0.004 1.42 1.10–1.83 0.007
WHO functional class III and IV (ref: I and II) 1.78 1.45–2.18 <0.001 1.88 1.34–2.64 <0.001 1.74 1.35–2.25 <0.001
WHO functional class
 II — — — — — —
 III 2.57 1.70–3.89 <0.001 3.00 1.51–5.96 0.002 2.45 1.46–4.13 <0.001
 IV 5.08 3.31–7.79 <0.001 5.49 2.69–11.2 <0.001 4.80 2.81–8.21 <0.001
mPAP mmHg 0.99 0.98–1.00 0.028 0.98 0.97–0.99 0.006 1.04 1.03–1.05 <0.001
mRAP mmHg 1.01 0.99–1.03 0.4 1.03 1.00–1.06 0.023 1.03 1.00–1.05 0.057
PAWP mmHg 1.02 0.99–1.04 0.3 1.03 0.98–1.09 0.2 0.98 0.95–1.01 0.2
Cardiac output L·min−1 0.92 0.86–0.98 0.009 0.88 0.78–0.99 0.035 0.79 0.72–0.86 <0.001
Cardiac index L·min−1·m−2 0.87 0.76–0.98 0.028 0.80 0.63–1.01 0.063 0.61 0.51–0.74 <0.001
PVR (Wood Units) 1.04 1.00–1.08 0.036 0.98 0.91–1.05 0.5 1.10 1.05–1.16 <0.001
SvO2% 0.98 0.97–0.99 0.001 0.97 0.95–0.98 <0.001 0.96 0.94–0.97 <0.001
FEV1 % predicted 1.00 0.99–1.00 0.032 0.99 0.98–1.00 0.11 1.01 1.01–1.02 <0.001
FVC % predicted 1.00 0.99–1.00 0.028 1.00 0.99–1.01 0.9 1.00 1.00–1.01 0.4
FEV1/FVC ratio 0.99 0.99–1.00 0.038 0.97 0.95–0.98 <0.001 1.02 1.01–1.03 <0.001
DLCO % predicted 0.95 0.95–0.96 <0.001 0.95 0.94–0.96 <0.001 0.96 0.95–0.97 <0.001

Bold text: meets statistical significance. IPAH: idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension; PH-CLD: PH due to chronic lung disease and/or hypoxia; HR: hazard ratio; CI: confidence interval; CT: computed tomography; WHO: World Health Organisation; CPFE: combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema; mPAP: mean pulmonary arterial pressure; mRAP: mean right atrial pressure; PAWP: pulmonary arterial wedge pressure; PVR: pulmonary vascular resistance; SvO2: mixed venous oxygen saturation; FEV1: forced expiratory volume in 1 s; FVC: forced vital capacity; DLCO: diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide. #: n=660; : n=335; +: n=325.