Table 4.
Mg intervention against pathological phenomena involved in AD.
| Reagent | In vivo model | In vitro model | Mechanism | Intervention effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Magnesium-L-threonate | Aged rats | - | Enhance NMDAR-dependent signaling | Enhance both short-term synaptic facilitation and long-term potentiation and improve learning and memory functions | Slutsky et al., 2010 |
| Magnesium sulfate | - | N2a cells stably expressing PS1 and APP | Promote Aβ protein precursor α-cleavage and modulate APP retention on cell surface | Reduce Aβ production and demote the amyloidogenic processing | Yu et al., 2010 |
| Magnesium sulfate and magnesium chloride | - | BBB model constructed from endothelial cells and astrocytes | Suppress Caveolin-1 and RAGE while promote PICALM and LRP1 expression | Reduce BBB permeability and regulates Aβ transcytosis | Zhu et al., 2018 |
| Magnesium sulfate | Streptozotocin-induced sporadic AD rats | - | Inhibit GSK-3β, increase the activity of AKT and PI3K | Decrease tau hyperphosphorylation, and protect cognitive function and synaptic plasticity | Xu et al., 2014 |
| Magnesium-L-threonate | APP/PS1 mice | Aβ or IL-1β -induced Glioblastoma A172 and mouse brain D1A glial cells | Activate ERK1/2 and PPARγ signaling pathways | Reduce IL-1β expression and neuroinflammation | Wang et al., 2017 |
| Magnesium-L-threonate | APP/PS1 mice | Human- or mouse-derived glial and neuronal cell lines | Activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and inhibit NF-kB signaling pathway | Inhibit TNF-α expression and reduce the toxic β-fragmentation of APP | Yu et al., 2018 |
| Magnesium chloride | - | Whole blood smears of AD patients with or without added Mg | Disrupt RBC-parafibrin aggregate | Allow erythrocytes to return to the circulation and promote oxygen delivery to the brain | Lipinski and Pretorius, 2013 |
| Magnesium-L-threonate | APP/PS1 mice | - | Protect NMDAR signaling and reduce the expression of BACE1 | Prevent/reverse learning and memory deterioration | Li et al., 2014 |
| Magnesium-L-threonate | APP/PS1 mice | - | Activate CaMKII and CREB activation | Improve recognition and spatial memory | Huang et al., 2018 |
NMDAR, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor; PS1, presenilin 1; APP, amyloid-β protein precursor; BBB, blood-brain barrier; RAGE, receptor for advanced glycation end products; PICALM, phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein; LRP1, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1; GSK-3β, glycogen synthase kinase-3β; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases; PPAR, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; NF-kB, nuclear factor-kB; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; RBC, red blood cells; BACE1, β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1; CaMKII, calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase II; CREB, cAMP-response element binding protein.