Table 2.

Description of the matching score system used to classify the type of structure observed with biophysical and genetic methods.

classification	description	percentage of papers
matching categories
weak structure–barrier	studies that detected no genetic structure using metrics of genetic distance or PCAs, while the biophysical model indicated barriers to dispersal, e.g. from network analysis	11
structure–no barrier	studies where genetic structure was identified from significant metrics of genetic distance or by clusters in PCAs, but biophysical modelling did not indicate barriers to dispersal	0
weak structure–no barrier	studies detecting no genetic structure using metrics of genetic distance or PCA, and when biophysical modelling indicated no barriers to dispersal, e.g. from network analysis	14
structure–barrier	studies where genetic structure was identified from significant metrics of genetic distance or by clusters in PCA, and when the biophysical modelling supported the genetic pattern by Mantel tests, networks, AEM or in rare cases by eye	59
unclear	studies that did not report a clear pattern, or a few cases where our assessment of genetic structure and biophysical modelling differed from the conclusions by the authors of reviewed papers	16