Table 1.

Examples of assessment subquestions for the evaluation of a tolerable upper level

Risk assessment step	Subquestion	Example of method to answer the subquestion
HI/HC	What is the ADME of NUTRIENT X in humans?	Narrative review
HI/HC	What are the potential mode(s) of action underlying the relationships between NUTRIENT X intake and adverse health effects?	Narrative review
HI	Is there a positive and causal relationship between NUTRIENT X intake and endpoint Y in humans?	Systematic review
HC	What is the dose–response relationship between NUTRIENT X intake and endpoint Y in humans?	Dose–response modelling
IA	What is the daily NUTRIENT X intake from all dietary sources in EU populations?	Narrative review

HI: hazard identification; HC: hazard characterisation; IA: intake assessment; RC: risk characterisation.