Table 3.
Relationship between HIV status and echocardiogram parameters in unadjusted and adjusted models
| 2D echocardiogram variables | Mean difference in echo parameters by HIV serostatus | |||
| Unadjusted-model 1 | *Fully adjusted-model 2 | |||
| β (95% CI) | P value | β (95% CI) | P value | |
| Left ventricle (LV) | ||||
| Ejection fraction (%) | 0.19 (−1.56 to1.95) | 0.83 | 0.79 (−1.14 to 2.73) | 0.42 |
| End-diastolic volume index (mL/m2) | 1.02 (−2.36 to 4.39) | 0.55 | 1.63 (−2.03 to 5.29) | 0.38 |
| End-systolic volume index (mL/m2) | 0.30 (−1.62 to 2.21) | 0.76 | 0.15 (−1.96 to 2.26) | 0.89 |
| Stroke volume index, (mL/m2) | 0.72 (−1.3 to 2.73) | 0.48 | 1.47 (−0.69 to 3.64) | 0.18 |
| LV mass index (g/m2) | 4.52 (0.33 to 8.71) | 0.03 | 5.76 (1.21 to 10.31) | 0.01 |
| LV mass (g) | 11.05 (−1.48 to 23.57) | 0.08 | 14.97 (1.9 to 28.05) | 0.03 |
| Left atrium (LA) | ||||
| LA maximal anterior–posterior diameter (cm) | 0.04 (−0.07 to 0.15) | 0.51 | 0.08 (−0.03 to 0.2) | 0.16 |
| LA maximal. volume index (mL/m2) | 1.94 (−0.22 to 4.1) | 0.08 | 2.77 (0.39 to 5.14) | 0.02 |
| Diastolic function parameters | ||||
| Mitral valve E velocity (cm/s) | −0.64 (−5.35 to 4.06) | 0.79 | −0.28 (−5.27 to 4.71) | 0.91 |
| Mitral valve E/A ratio | 0.0 (−0.11 to 0.11) | 1.00 | −0.02 (−0.12 to 0.07) | 0.67 |
| Mitral valve E/e’ ratio | −0.05 (−0.69 to 0.60) | 0.89 | 0.13 (−0.56 to 0.82) | 0.71 |
| Mitral annular septal e’ velocity (cm/s) | −0.65 (−1.28 to 0.03) | 0.04 | −0.58 (−1.19 to 0.02) | 0.06 |
| Mitral annular lateral e’ velocity (cm/s) | −0.36 (−1.36 to 0.64) | 0.48 | − 0.25 (−1.17 to 0.68) | 0.60 |
| Mitral average e’ velocity (cm/s) | −0.50 (−1.26 to 0.26) | 0.20 | −0.46 (−1.16 to 0.24) | 0.20 |
| Tricuspid regurgitation peak velocity (m/s) | −0.11 (−0.35 to 0.13) | 0.37 | −0.18 (−0.43 to 0.07) | 0.16 |
Multivariable adjusted regression coefficients for risk factors represent the difference in mean of cardiac parameters (with their appropriate units) comparing PLWH to HIVneg.
*Adjusted for age, sex, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, smoking history (never/ever), haemoglobin A1C, LDL and HDL cholesterol levels.
A, late atrial diastolic transmitral flow velocity; e', early diastolic mitral annular velocity; E, early diastolic transmitral flow velocity; PLWH, people living with HIV.