Table 3.

Description of 44 cases of histoplasmosis in African children (1950–2021).

Sex/age (years)	Hcc/Hcd	Setting	HIV	Site of infection	DH	Treatment	Ocm	References
Zaire
a F/4	NR	NS	N	Liver, spleen, lymph nodes	YES	Ketoconazole	F	Lamey and Parisien 22
Uganda
b M/4	Hcc	NS	N	Mucosa	NO	Surgery/Itraconazole	F	Kweyamba et al. 23
Tanzania
c M/15	Hcc	NS	N	Lungs	NO	None	D	Kabangila et al. 24
South Africa
F/16	Hcc	NS	N	Bones	NO	NR	NR	Suleman and Scheepers 25
d M/7	Hcc	Rural	N	Lymph nodes, spleen	YES	AmB, Ketoconazole, Itraconazole	F	Daubenton and Beatty 26
F/8	Hcc	NS	P	Skin, lymph nodes, tongue	YES	None	D	Pillay et al. 27
F/11	Hcc	NS	P	Skin, lung, lymph nodes, liver, spleen	YES	AmB	NR	Mosam et al. 13
Nigeria
M/6	Hcd	NS	N	Skin, muscles, lymph nodes, bones	NO	AmB/Ketoconazole	F	Akpuaka et al. 28
b M/11	NR	NS	N	Skin, muscles	NO	AmB/ketoconazole	F	Akpuaka et al. 28
M/10	Hcd	NS	N	Skin, lymph nodes, bone	NO	Fluconazole	F	Onwuasoigwe 29
M/12	Hcd	NS	N	Bone	NO	AmB	F	Mace 15
M/9	Hcd	NS	N	Skin, bone	NO	NR	NR	Khalil et al. 12
M/14	Hcd	NS	N	Lymph node	NO	NR	NR	Khalil et al. 12
M/9	Hcd	NS	N	Skin, muscles	NO	Surgery/Itraconazole	F	Katchy et al. 30
M/13	Hcd	NS	N	Skull	NO	AmB	F	Shoroye and Oyedeji 16
F/13	Hcd	NS	N	Skin, lymph nodes	YES	None	D	Ubesie et al. 14
Mali
M/6	Hcd	Rural	N	Skin, mucosa, lymph nodes, bones	YES	Ketoconazole	F	Minta et al. 31
Kenya
F/6	Hcc	NS	P	Liver, spleen	YES	NR	NR	Pamnani et al. 11
F/1.9	Hcc	NS	N	Liver, spleen	YES	NR	NR	Pamnani et al. 11
Guinea Bissau
M/12	Hcd	NS	N	Skin, muscles, fistulas	NO	Posaconazole	F	Gonçalves et al. 32
e F/7	NR	NS	N	Skin, muscle, bone	NO	NR	NR	Guimarães et al. 20
Gambia
F/4	Hcd	NS	N	Skin, bone	YES	AmB/Ketoconazole	F	Mabey and Hay 33
F/5	Hcd	NS	N	Lymph node	YES	AmB/Ketoconazole	F	Mabey and Hay 33
M/10	Hcd	NS	N	Skin	YES	Surgery/AmB/Ketoconazole	F	Mabey and Hay 33
Cote d′voire
M/6	Hcd	NS	N	Skin, bone	NO	Terbinafine	F	Bankolé et al. 34
Congo
M/17	Hcd	Urban	N	Skin, bone lesions	YES	AmB	F	N’Golet et al. 35
F/15	Hcd	Rural	N	Skin	NR	NR	NR	Destombes et al. 36
F/6	Hcd	Rural	N	Skin	NR	AmB	F	Carme et al. 37
F/13	Hcd	Rural	N	Mucosa, bone	NO	AmB	F	Carme et al. 37
M/11	Hcd	Urban	N	Skin, bone	YES	AmB	F	Griffet et al. 38
F/2	Hcd	NS	N	Skin, bone, eye	YES	AmB	F	Carme et al. 37
M/13	Hcd	NS	N	Skin, bone	YES	AmB	F	Carme et al. 37
M/17	Hcd	NS	N	Skin	NO	AmB	F	Carme et al. 37
M/17	Hcd	NS	N	Skin, mucosa	NO	AmB	F	Carme et al. 37
M/13	Hcd	Rural	N	Bone	YES	AmB	F	Moyikoua et al. 39
F/7	Hcd	Urban	N	Skin, bone	YES	Surgery/Itraconazole	F	Paugam et al. 40
M/15	Hcd	Urban	N	Skin, lung	YES	None	D	Okoko et al. 41
M/4	Hcd	Urban	N	Skin, lymph nodes	YES	Itraconazole	D	Chandenier et al. 42
F/9	Hcd	Urban	N	Lymph node, liver, spleen	YES	Ketoconazole	D	Mabiala et al. 43
M/3	Hcd	Urban	N	Skin, lymph node, bone	YES	Itraconazole	D	Mabiala et al. 43
M/4	Hcd	Urban	N	Bone lesions	YES	Itraconazole	D	Mabiala et al. 43
Chad
F/10	Hcd	NS	N	Skin	YES	AmB	F	Garcia-Guiñon et al. 44
Cameroon
f F/12	Hcd	NS	N	Skin, lymph nodes, bone lesions	YES	NR	NR	André et al. 45
Burkina Faso
M/1	Hcd	Urban	N	Skin, liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bones	YES	Fluconazole/AmB	F	Barro/Traoré et al. 46

AmB, amphotericin B; D, death; DH, disseminated histoplasmosis; EPH, extrapulmonary histoplasmosis; F, favorable clinical outcome; F, female; Hcc, Histoplasma capsulatum; Hcd, Histoplasma duboisii; M, male; N, negative; NR, not revealed; NS, not specified; Ocm, outcome; P, positive; PH, pulmonary histoplasmosis.

^aPatient recovered but died of measles.

^bCase reports with underlying conditions (mesenteric chylous cyst, malnutrition).

^cA case report of pulmonary histoplasmosis in a 15-year-old male involved in crushing stones for 2 years.

^dPaediatric histoplasmosis reported in London in an indigene of South Africa.

^ePaediatric histoplasmosis reported in Portugal in an indigene of Guinea Bissau.

^fPaediatric histoplasmosis reported in France in an indigene of Cameroon.