Table 4.
Multivariable logistic regression of the individual- and community-related variables associated with women’s decision-making autonomy on contraceptive use, Ethiopia, 2016.
| Variables | Unadjusted analysis, COR (95% CI) | Adjusted analysis, AOR (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model II | Model III | Model IV | ||
| Residence | ||||
| Urban | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
| Rural | 0.76 (0.47–0.98) | 0.50 (0.27–0.91) | 0.48 (0.23–0.87)* | |
| Region | ||||
| Small peripheral | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
| Large central | 1.19 (0.82–1.74) | 1.26 (0.86–1.85) | 1.26 (0.74–2.15) | |
| Metropolitan | 1.70 (1.11–2.61) | 1.53 (0.95–2.46) | 1.65 (0.83–2.31) | |
| Distance to the health facility | ||||
| Big problem | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
| Not a big problem | 1.06 (0.77–1.46) | 1.01 (0.72–1.43) | 1.01 (0.65–1.53) | |
| Community exposure to FP message | ||||
| Low exposure | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
| High exposure | 1.14 (0.85–1.52) | 2.25 (1.71–3.11) | 2.22 (1.67–3.05)* | |
| Proportion of women working in the community | ||||
| Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 |
| High | 1.06 (0.79–1.40) | 1.03 (0.77–1.38) | 1.08 (0.70–1.69) | |
| Religion | ||||
| Orthodox | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Protestant | 0.59 (0.39–1.09) | 0.49 (0.28–1.03) | 0.68 (0.55–1.11) | |
| Muslim | 0.91 (0.59–1.39) | 0.94 (0.54–1.65) | 0.53 (0.29–0.95)* | |
| Others+ | 0.25 (0.09–0.76) | 0.30 (0.09–1.03) | 0.36 (0.10–1.20) | |
| Current age | ||||
| 15–24 years | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 25–34 years | 1.19 (0.85–1.68) | 1.50 (0.71–3.31) | 1.28 (0.93–1.91) | |
| 35–49 years | 1.78 (1.21–2.64) | 2.23 (1.02–4.98) | 2.09 (1.36–4.69)* | |
| Women’s age at first marriage | ||||
| ⩾18 years | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| <18 years | 1.04 (0.78–0.1.37) | 0.41 (0.19–0.96) | 0.33 (0.12–0.92)* | |
| Women’s educational status | ||||
| No education | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 0.69 (0.50–0.95) | 0.71 (0.45–1.10) | 0.68 (0.43–1.06) | |
| Secondary | 0.62 (0.39–0.96) | 0.47 (0.22–1.04) | 0.39 (0.14–1.01) | |
| Higher | 0.54 (0.29–1.02) | 0.32 (0.11–1.19) | 0.25 (0.12–1.07) | |
| Husband’s educational status | ||||
| No education | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Primary | 0.72 (0.52–0.98) | 0.85 (0.57–1.28) | 0.86 (0.58–1.30) | |
| Secondary | 0.79 (0.52–1.20) | 1.07 (0.51–2.23) | 1.05 (0.50–2.20) | |
| Higher | 0.59 (0.34–1.01) | 1.12 (0.44–2.87) | 1.11 (0.43–2.88) | |
| Women’s occupation | ||||
| No work | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Professional | 1.10 (0.58–2.10) | 2.71 (1.01–10.34) | 2.64 (0.99–10.29) | |
| Business | 1.07 (0.74–1.54) | 1.22 (0.75–1.98) | 1.21 (0.74–1.98) | |
| Agriculture | 0.80 (0.56–1.13) | 0.56 (0.35–1.05) | 0.57 (0.35–1.01) | |
| Others++ | 1.22 (0.64–2.31) | 0.84 (0.31–2.29) | 0.78 (0.28–2.19) | |
| Husband’s occupation | ||||
| No work | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Professional | 0.67 (0.36–1.26) | 0.64 (0.28–1.43) | 0.63 (0.28–1.39) | |
| Business | 0.80 (0.49–1.31) | 0.97 (0.50–1.88) | 0.93 (0.48–1.79) | |
| Agriculture | 0.83 (0.54–1.28) | 0.77 (0.45–1.32) | 0.79 (0.46–1.36) | |
| Others++ | 1.16 (0.62–2.15) | 1.48 (0.63–3.47) | 1.35 (0.56–3.22) | |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poorest | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Poorer | 1.10 (0.70–1.69) | 1.19 (0.47–2.07) | 1.19 (0.65–2.16) | |
| Middle | 0.70 (0.42–118) | 0.76 (0.38–1.51) | 0.76 (0.38–1.52) | |
| Richer | 0.55 (0.34–0.91) | 1.72 (2.88–5.41) | 1.67 (1.32–3.11)* | |
| Richest | 0.85 (0.55_1.32) | 1.07 (0.56–2.07) | 0.85 (0.41–1.76) | |
| Media exposure | ||||
| No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.82 (0.62–1.10) | 2.29 (1.61–3.84) | 2.13 (1.52–3.23)* | |
| Birth order | ||||
| First | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Second | 1.15 (0.70–1.88) | 1.01 (0.49–2.71) | 1.09 (0.45–2.68) | |
| Third and above | 1.39 (0.91–2.12) | 1.28 (0.03–2.28) | 1.31 (0.68–3.12) | |
| Number of living children | ||||
| <2 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| >2 | 1.25 (0.95–1.65) | 0.97 (0.45–2.11) | 0.97 (0.44–2.68) | |
| Birth interval | ||||
| <24 months | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ⩾24 months | 1.46 (0.88–2.42) | 1.47 (0.88–2.46) | 1.46 (0.87–2.45) | |
| Desired number of children | ||||
| 0–2 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 3–4 | 1.03 (0.67–1.60) | 0.85 (0.48–1.54) | 0.86 (0.48–1.55) | |
| 5+ | 1.33 (0.87–2.01) | 1.11 (0.63–1.95) | 1.14 (0.65–2.02) | |
| God/Allah’s will | 1.46 (0.81–2.65) | 1.13 (0.53–2.45) | 1.15 (0.54–2.45) | |
| Do not know | 2.14 (1.06–4.35) | 2.71 (1.05–6.99) | 2.82 (1.08–5.03) | |
| Knowledge of modern method | ||||
| No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 0.85 (0.50–1.45) | 0.59 (0.30–1.15) | 0.58 (0.30–1.11) | |
| Visited health facility in the last 12 months | ||||
| No | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.29 (0.89–1.94) | 2.11 (1.44–3.99) | 2.01 (1.34–3.87)* | |
FP: family planning; AOR: adjusted odds ratio; COR: crude odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.
Others+: catholic, traditional, and other EDHS category.
Others++: other EDHS category.
*
Statistically significant variables at 95% confidence interval.