Table 2.

The possible highest-risk-contaminated points and surfaces of SARS-CoV-2.

Points and surfaces	Ref	Important messages
Door handles	[9]	The highest risk – contaminated: drawer handles, refrigerators, sink faucets in the break room, soap dispensers in the women's restroom, push bar on the main exit
	[10]	Door handles have been reported due to the presence of SARS-CoV-2
	[11]	60% toilet sites (sink, toilet bowl, door handles) giving positive results (Patient C)
	[95]	The toilet handle's contamination rate: 5.3%
	[96]	Positive sample can be taken from doorknobs at the rate of 8.3% - the fourth highest rate of contamination within a general COVID-19 prevention ward in a hospital
Public toilets	[12]	4 out of 107 surface samples in isolation rooms were tested positive: two-ward door handles, one bathroom toilet – seat cover, one bathroom door handle.
	[97]	Outside the bathrooms of hospitals, a case of transmission between 9 people in public bathroom was reported
	[13]	There are three transmissions of SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms: inhalation of feces and/or aerosol urine from an individual contains SARS-CoV-2; airborne respiratory transmission face-to-face shortly after use among users; or from transmission of fomite through sites of frequent contact such as doorknobs, washbasin faucets, ball balls or toilet roll dispensers
	[30]	A current systematic review attributed the coronavirus prevalence in hospitals and recorded that 24% of air samples collected from toilets were tested positive, with mean viral RNA concentrations per m3. Air is obviously higher than in any other areas that were sampled (Birgand et al., 2020)
	[31]	Destitute adherence to hand cleanliness encourages the survival and determination of hand infections for transmission to self or other planes
	[14,15]	SARS-CoV-2 can survive on indoor natural textures, for example, plastic, glass, stainless steel, ceramics, elastic gloves, wood, and surgical veils
	[14]	Infection endures for many hours in feces and 3–4 days in pee
Hospitals or medical centers	[30]	In China, more than 3,000 health workers were infected by late February 2020. In hospital, SARS-CoV-2 is easily transferred through endotracheal intubation, and bronchoscopy
	[38]	In hospitals, coronavirus is easily transmitted through endotracheal intubation and bronchoscopy
	[96]	SARS-CoV-2 was detected on floor, trash cans, computer mice, sickbed handrails and in air around patient
Factories and industrial zones	[46]	-The high risk of transmission is due to work environments where workers are in close contact. The risk of spread depends on several factors such as: distance between workers, type of contact, duration of contact, other special factors. -The epidemic prevention recommendations.
	[47]	The meat processing workers in Nebraska, USA with 5002 cases out of 26,000 suspected cases (19% attack rate)
	[8]	The food processing and agricultural companies in the US, 8,978 employees have confirmed COVID-19, 55 workers were reported dead
Public transport	[16]	Use of underground trains and bus were associated with illness onset
	[48]	The number of COVID-19 cases in the destination cities was associated with the frequency of flights and high-speed- trains. The presence of an airport or high-speed-train station is related to the rate of infection
	[98]	A 51-year-old male taxi driver infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Thailand
	[50]	A number of COVID-19 cases in other cities with progressively increased correlations for trains and buses
Public elevators	[17]	The elevator is a space with a simple ventilation system that leads to unsafe ventilation (especially in hospitals).
	[18]	Infection cases from shopping malls could have been caused by elevator
	[55]	Positive results rate of elevator buttons in medical areas is 42.86%
Traditional/Local market	[19]	At the beginning of the epidemic, the rate of market-to-human transmission was 2–34 times higher than that of human-to-human.
Wastewaters and wastewater plants	[62]	Aerosol viruses can be transmitted through the wind during wastewater treatment of sewage ponds for transmission in buildings
Public washroom	[66]	There are three potential transmission pathways in the washroom, which are (1) the facial-oral route, when the contaminated hands touch the food of face, (2) the respiratory route, when an individual is exposed to droplets or particles containing the virus, and (3) transmission through direct contact with infected surfaces