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. 2022 Jan 24;10:14. doi: 10.1186/s40168-021-01200-z

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — Viral titers and gut microbiota of chicks infected with H9N2 virus in the hen-reared (HR) and separately reared (SR) groups of chicks. A, B Viral titers in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs of post-H9N2-infected chickens. Chicks (28 dph) were intranasally inoculated with 10⁻⁶EID₅₀/0.2ml of LPAIH9N2. EID₅₀ was calculated by the Reed and Muench method. C, D Comparison of the relative abundances of the major bacterial phyla representing the gut microbiota of HR and SR groups after H9N2 infection; *P < 0.05; the horizontal bar in the boxes represents the median. The top and bottom of the boxes represent the 75th and 25th percentiles, respectively. The upper and lower whiskers extend to data not exceeding 1.5× the interquartile range from the upper edge and lower edge of the box, respectively. E Phylum-level composition of the gut microbiota in the post-H9N2-infected chickens. F LEfSe analysis of the 16SrRNA sequences of the post H9N2 infected chickens (P < 0.01, LDA > 2)