. 2022 Jan 24;11:16. doi: 10.1186/s13756-021-01049-9

Table 3.

Characteristics of the study investigating the influence of rubbing friction

Author Date Country	Design	Setting	Participants	Comparators	Outcome measure(s)	Data collection method	Standardisation	Results
Tan et al (2020) [26] Switzerland	Within-subject RCT	Laboratory	19 HCWs	1) Poured ABHR + rubbing; 2) Sprayed ABHR + rubbing; 3) Sprayed ABHR without rubbing	Bacterial load on hands	Fingertips	Product ABHR isopropanol 60% (v/v) Application time 30 s ABHR volume 3 ml Application technique 6-step (for intervention 1 & 2); sprayed ABHR without hand rubbing (for intervention 3) Artificial contamination (E. coli)	Mean log₁₀ reduction (95% CI) Poured ABHR + rubbing: 3.46 (1.27–5.65); sprayed ABHR + rubbing: 3.66 (1.68–5.64); sprayed ABHR without rubbing: 2.76 (1.65–3.87) Sprayed ABHR without hand rubbing resulted in significantly lower bacterial load reduction than poured or sprayed ABHR with hand rubbing (− 0.70; 95% CI: − 1.13 to − 0.28)

Author
Date
Country

Design

Setting

Participants

Comparators

Outcome measure(s)

Data collection method

Standardisation

Results

Tan et al

(2020) [26]

Switzerland

Within-subject RCT

Laboratory

19 HCWs

1) Poured ABHR + rubbing;

2) Sprayed ABHR + rubbing;

3) Sprayed ABHR without rubbing

Bacterial load on hands

Fingertips

Product ABHR isopropanol 60% (v/v)

Application time 30 s

ABHR volume 3 ml

Application technique 6-step (for intervention 1 & 2); sprayed ABHR without hand rubbing (for intervention 3)

Artificial contamination (E. coli)

Mean log₁₀ reduction (95% CI)

Poured ABHR + rubbing: 3.46 (1.27–5.65);

sprayed ABHR + rubbing: 3.66 (1.68–5.64);

sprayed ABHR without rubbing: 2.76 (1.65–3.87)

Sprayed ABHR without hand rubbing resulted in significantly lower bacterial load reduction than poured or sprayed ABHR with hand rubbing (− 0.70; 95% CI: − 1.13 to − 0.28)

ABHR alcohol-based handrub, CI confidence intervals, E. coli Escherichia coli, HCW healthcare workers, RCT randomised controlled trial