Table 2.

Strategies for clinical practice guideline implementation and their definitions

Category	Strategy	Code	Definition
Coordination of care and management of care processes	Care pathways	CAP	Aim to link evidence to practice for specific health conditions and local arrangements for delivering care [67]
Coordination of care and management of care processes	Case management	CAM	Introduction, modification or removal of strategies to improve the coordination and continuity of delivery of services, i.e. improving the management of one “case” (patient) [67]
Coordination of care and management of care processes	Clinical multidisciplinary teams	CMT	Creation of a new team of health professionals of different disciplines or additions of new members to the team who work together to care for patients [58, 67]
Coordination of care and management of care processes	Communication between providers	CBP	Systems or strategies for improving the communication between healthcare providers, for example systems to improve immunization coverage [67]
Coordination of care and management of care processes	Continuity of care	COC	Interventions to reduce fragmented care and undesirable consequences of fragmented care, for example by ensuring the responsibility of care is passed from one facility to another so the patient perceives that their needs and circumstances are known to the provider [67]
Information and communication technology	Information and communication technology	ICT	ICT used by healthcare organizations to manage the delivery of healthcare, and to deliver healthcare [67]
Changes to the healthcare environment	Structural intervention	SI	Changes to the setting/site of service delivery, physical structure, facilities and equipment, and medical records systems, among others [58]
Authority and accountability for health policies	Community mobilization	COM	Processes that enable people to organize among themselves [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Academic detailing	AD	Personal visits by a trained person to health workers in their own settings, to provide information with the aim of changing practice [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Audit and feedback	AF	A summary of health workers’ performance over a specified period of time, given to them in a written, electronic or verbal format. The summary may include recommendations for clinical action [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Communities of practice	CP	Groups of people with a common interest who deepen their knowledge and expertise in this area by interacting on an ongoing basis [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Continuous quality improvement	CQI	An iterative process to review and improve care that includes involvement of healthcare teams, analysis of a process or system, a structured process improvement method or problem-solving approach, and use of data analysis to assess changes [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Educational games	EG	The use of games as an educational strategy to improve standards of care [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Educational materials	EMA	Distribution of educational materials to individuals or groups, to support clinical care, i.e. any intervention in which knowledge is distributed [67] Distribution of published or printed recommendations for clinical care, including clinical practice guidelines, audiovisual materials and electronic publications. The materials may have been delivered personally or through mass mailings [58]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Educational meetings	EME	Courses, workshops, conferences or other educational meetings [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Local consensus processes	LCP	Formal or informal local consensus processes, for example agreeing on a clinical protocol to manage a patient group, adapting a guideline for a local health system or promoting the implementation of guidelines [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Local opinion leaders	LOL	The identification and use of identifiable local opinion leaders to promote good clinical practice [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Monitoring the performance of the delivery of healthcare	MP	Monitoring of health services by individuals or healthcare organizations, for example by comparing with an external standard [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Patient-mediated Intervention	PMI	Any intervention aimed at changing the performance of healthcare professionals through interactions with patients, or information provided by or to patients [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Reminders	RE	Manual or computerized interventions that prompt health workers to perform an action during a consultation with a patient, for example computer decision support systems [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Tailored interventions	TI	Interventions to change practice that are selected based on an assessment of barriers to change, for example through interviews or surveys [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare organizations	Organizational culture	ORG	Strategies to change organizational culture [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare organizations	Financial interventions	FI	Targeted financial incentives for health professionals and healthcare organizations [67]
Interventions targeted at healthcare workers	Educational intervention	EI	Education-focused intervention [29]
NA	Patient incentives	PIC	Patient received direct or indirect financial reward or benefit for a specific action or to encourage them to do a specific action [58]
NA	Patient-directed interventions	PI	Interventions aimed at qualifying patients for self-care and for decision-making [46]
NA	Administrative restriction	AR	Administrative restrictions related to prescriptions [37]
NA	Marketing	MKT	Approaches that businesses would normally use to encourage people to use their materials [60]
NA	Mass media	MM	Varied use of communication that reached great numbers of people including television, radio, newspapers, posters, leaflets and booklets, alone or in conjunction with other interventions; targeted at the population level [67]
NA	Practice support	PS	Available professional to support the clinical practice or directly to the patient [26]

NA strategies not classified by the EPOC