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. 2022 Jan 24;19:9. doi: 10.1186/s12989-021-00446-7

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — The average values of all the exposures for a PM1 mass concentration (measured with SMPS and ρ_eff), and b NO and NO₂ concentrations. The error bars in a correspond to ± 1 std. dev. of all exposures’ averages. The HVO_PM+NOx exposure was generated with a wheel loader without an external exhaust reduction system, and HVO_NOx with a wheel loader with a diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF)