Table 8.
The input parameters for the MPPD model used for estimating the respiratory tract particle deposition
| MPPD model input data | HVOPM+NOx | Diesel [15] | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model | Yeh/Schum Symmetric | ||
|
Functional residual capacitya (mL) (median, min–max) |
3200 (2680–3750) | ||
| Upper respiratory tract volume (mL) | 50 | ||
| Particle properties* | Density at MMD (g cm−3) | 0.84 | 0.42 |
|
PM1 mass (µg m−3) (average ± 1 std. dev.) |
93 ± 13 | 276 ± 56 | |
| Mass Median Diameter (MMD) (µm) | 0.108 | 0.195 | |
| GSD | 1.48 | 1.65 | |
| Exposure scenario | Inhalability adjustment | No | |
| Acceleration of gravity (m s−2) | 9.81 | ||
| Body orientation | Upright | ||
|
Respiratory rateb (min−1) (median, min–max) |
17.1 (13.3–24.9) | ||
|
Tidal volumec (mL) (median, min–max) |
875 (440–1500) | ||
| Inspiratory fraction | 0.5 | ||
| Breathing scenario | Nasal |
The aerosol characteristics from a previous diesel exposure study [15] were included and used in the MPPD model to compare the respiratory deposition of HVO and petroleum diesel. The MPPD model’s reference values from ICRP [78] for upper respiratory tract volume and inspiratory fraction were used
*Properties from the exposure aerosol characterization. aCalculated by height, age and sex following the guidelines of the European Respiratory Society [79]. bMeasured with a respiratory inductance plethysmograph (Nox T3 breathing belt, Nox Medical, ResMed) and analyzed with Noxturnal Software 5.1. cMeasured by a forced oscillometry technique with the Tremoflo (THORASYS, Thoracic Medical System Inc., Montreal, Canada)