TABLE 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the study population
| MEAN ± SEM (n)* | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Healthy controls (n = 30) | BD Patients (n = 121) | p‐value |
| Age (years) | 46.37 ± 2.80 (30) | 46.38 ± 1.25 (121) | .99 a |
| Sex (male/female) | 13/17 | 49/72 | .84 b |
| BMI (kg m−2) | 24.31 ± 0.61 (30) | 26.36 ± 0.44 (121) | .03 a |
| % Smokers | 0% | 23% | .001 b |
| Medication: | |||
| Lithium | 0% | 58% | — |
| Antipsychotics | 0% | 28% | — |
| Antidepressants | 0% | 38% | — |
| Sedatives | 0% | 32% | — |
| Anti‐epileptics | 0% | 26% | — |
| Contraceptives or HRT | 23.5% | 8.3% | .10 |
| Diagnosis (DSM IV) | |||
| BD type I | — | 57% (69) | — |
| BD type II | — | 33% (40) | — |
| BD NOS | — | 10% (12) | — |
| Symptoms ratings | |||
| MADRS total | 1.46 ± 0.51 (30) | 3.83 ± 0.40 (118) | .005 1 |
| GAF disability | — | 63.69 ± 0.97 (105) | — |
| YMRS | 0.50 ± 0.26 (30) | 1.10 ± 0.17 (115) | .06 |
| GAF symptom | — | 64.92 ± 0.86 (105) | |
| CGI‐bipolar improvement | — | 4.70 ± 0.12 (104) | — |
| CGI‐bipolar depression | — | 1.50 ± 0.09 (98) | — |
| CGI‐bipolar mania | — | 1.13 ± 0.049 (98) | — |
| CGI total | — | 3.87 ± 0.085 (104) | — |
Abbreviations: BD, Bipolar disorder; BMI, body mass index; CGI, clinical global impression; CRP, c‐reactive protein; GAF, global assessment of functioning; HRT, hormone replacement therapy; MADRS, Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale; NOS, not otherwise specified; YMRS, Young Mania Rating Scale.
*
Unless otherwise indicated.
a
Unpaired t‐test with equal SD.
b
Chi‐square test.