Table 2.

Nrf2 inducers capable of cardiac protection in animal models of ischemic reperfusion^a

Model	Compound	Source	Dose and schedule	Benefit	Refs
LADb ligation (rats)	SFN	Organosulfurfrom broccoli	500 g/kg, LV cavity injection, before ischemia	↓, ω, ⇑	[82]
	Bardoxolone methyl (CDDO-Me)	Synthetic triterpenoid derived from oleanolic acid	i.p. 5 mg/kg/day, 12–14 weeks post-MI	ω, ⇑	[83]
	DH404	Synthetic triterpenoid	p.o. 10 mg/kg/d for 26 d post MI	↓, ⇑	[84]
	Resveratrol	Flavonoid from grapes, red wine	i.v. 100 mol/l, 5 min before reperfusion	↓, ϕ	[85]
	α-Lipoic acid	Organosulfur derived from octanoic acid	5, 10, 15, 25, 50 mg/kg before I/R	↓, √, ϕ, ω, ⇑	[86]
	L-Carnitine	Amino acid, nutritional supplement	i.p. 150 mg/kg/day for 1 month before I/R	ϕ	[87]
	Urolithin B	Polyphenol metabolite from gut microbiota	i.p. 0.7 mg/kg, 0, 24, or 48 h before I/R	↓, √, ⇑	[88]
	n-Propargyl caffeamide	Caffeic acid derivative	i.p. 15 mg/kg/day for 3, 5, 7 days before I/R	↓, ω	[89]
	Triptolide	Diterpenoid epoxide from Chinese herb	i.p. 0.025, 0.05, 0.1 mg/kg before I/R	↓, ϕ, ω, ⇑	[90]
	Atorvastatinc	HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor	i.v. 10 mg/kg 5 min before reperfusion	↓, ϕ, ω	[79]
	Ginsenoside Rd	Ginsenoside from Panax ginseng	i.p. 50 mg/kg, 30 min before reperfusion	↓, ϕ, ⇑	[91]
LAD ligation (diabetic rats)	Resveratrolc	See above	i.p. 20 mg/kg for 7 days	↓, ϕ	[92]
LAD ligation	Dimethyl fumarate (Tecfidera)c	Citric acid cycle metabolite	p.o. 15 mg/kg 2×/day for 5 days	↓, ⇑	[93]
(mice)	Hydrogen sulfidec	Gas from rotten eggs	Tail vein i.v. Na2S 0.1 mg/kg 24 h before or daily for 7 days before surgery	↓, √, ⇑	[94]
	Hydrogen sulfidec	See above	Femoral vein i.v. Na2S 100 pg/kg 24 h before I/R	↓, ϕ, √, ⇑	[95]
	Sodium sulfidec	H2S generator	1 mg/kg LV intracardial injection at reperfusion, v. 0.1 mg/kg/day for first week after I/R	⇑	[96]
	14p	Curcumin analog diarylheptanoid	p.o. 10 mg/kg/day	↓, √, ϕ	[97]
	Sodium nitritec	Precursor of nitric oxide, H2S	0.165 mg/kg intracardiac injection at reperfusion, 50 or 100 mg/l in drinking water for 4 weeks	⇑, ♥	[98]
	AM1241c	Aminoalkylindole, cannabinoid receptor II agonist	i.p. 20 mg/kg/day for 7 days after surgery	⇑, ζ	[99]
	Butylphthalide	Celery oil	80 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks	√, ω	[100]
LAD ligation (diabetic mice)	Butin	Flavonoid from dietary plant	p.o. 10, 20, 40 mg/kg/2 days for 15 days after 4 weeks STZ injection	↓, ⇑	[101]
Langendorff (rats)	Danshensu	Hydroxypropanoic acid from Chinese herb	1 μM perfusion for 10 min	↓, ϕ, ⇑	[102]
	Sappanone	Isoflavanone from heartwood	i.p. 10, 20, or 40 mg/kg 1 h before heart isolation	↓, √, ϕ, ⇑	[103]
	Polyunsaturated fatty acidc	Dietary omega 3or6	p.o. 0.6 g/kg/day for 8 weeks	↓, ω, ⇑	[104]
Langendorff (diabetic rats)	Isofluranec	Anesthetic agent	2% for 10 min after reperfusion	↓, √, ϕ	[105]
	Luteolin	Flavonoid from Reseda plants		ϕ, ⇑	[106]
Langendorff (mice)	4-Hydroxyl-2 nonenal	Lipid peroxidation product	Retro-orbital vein i.v. 4 mg/kg 24 h before heart excision	ϕ, ⇑	[107]
	EGFc	Peptide growth factor	i.p. 1 mg/kg/day for 7 day before surgery	↓, √, ϕ	[108]
Langendorff (diabetic mice)	bFGFc	Peptide growth factor	i.p. 2 mg/kg/day for 4th to 8th week after diabetes onset	↓, ⇑	[109]

^a↓Reduce infarct size; √, reduce apoptosis; ϕ, reducethe release oftroponin, CK-MB, or LDH; ω, reduce inflammation; ⇑, preserve or improve cardiac contractile function, including ejection fraction, LV function, or coronary flow; o, reduce or suppress hypertrophy; ζ, reduce fibrosis; ♥, prevent heart failure.

^bAbbreviation: LAD, left anterior descending coronary artery.

^cDrug whose primary target or medical use is not Nrf2 inducing.