Table 1.
Characteristics of study population, overall and by race and ethnicity (column percentages)
| Self-reported race and ethnicity* | Overall population | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asian | BA/AA | HI/LA | IA/AN | NH/PI | White | ||
| 68,887 | 41,243 | 93,580 | 8,093 | 7,058 | 722,780 | 1,052,774 | |
| Health system | |||||||
| Kaiser Permanente Colorado | 17.2 | 33.9 | 49.3 | 25.4 | 12.9 | 30.2 | 31.0 |
| Kaiser Permanente Northwest | 36.0 | 31.1 | 33.1 | 36.1 | 42.6 | 41.6 | 39.5 |
| Kaiser Permanente Washington | 46.8 | 35.0 | 17.5 | 38.5 | 44.5 | 28.2 | 29.5 |
| Age, mean (SD) in years | 47.0 | 47.2 | 45.5 | 51.4 | 43.8 | 53.2 | 50.7 |
| (16.6) | (17.6) | (17.2) | (18.2) | (16.0) | (18.3) | (18.3) | |
| Female | 59.4 | 53.7 | 55.8 | 56.7 | 54.7 | 54.4 | 53.3 |
| Body mass index, mean kg/m2 (SD) | 25.6 | 30.8 | 30.2 | 31.1 | 31.6 | 29.2 | 29.1 |
| (4.9) | (7.5) | (6.7) | (7.6) | (8.0) | (6.8) | (6.8) | |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Current | 4.2 | 8.9 | 5.6 | 10.5 | 9.2 | 7.1 | 6.6 |
| Former | 12.0 | 17.4 | 17.3 | 27.3 | 18.3 | 24.7 | 21.2 |
| Hypertension | 16.8 | 28.1 | 17.2 | 25.3 | 20.6 | 23.3 | 20.9 |
| Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease | 4.0 | 6.5 | 4.8 | 10.3 | 4.8 | 9.8 | 8.1 |
| Heart failure | 0.8 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 2.1 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1.0 | 2.1 | 1.4 | 4.5 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 2.8 |
| Asthma | 4.9 | 9.5 | 8.1 | 10.7 | 8.7 | 8.3 | 7.6 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 14.0 | 19.8 | 17.6 | 19.2 | 20.8 | 13.1 | 13.2 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 3.1 | 8.0 | 4.5 | 7.0 | 4.5 | 6.9 | 5.9 |
| Severe chronic kidney disease‡ | 0.4 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 |
| Comorbidity measureν | |||||||
| 0 | 86.9 | 77.8 | 81.4 | 75.1 | 80.9 | 78.3 | 80.5 |
| 1 | 9.0 | 14.1 | 11.5 | 15.6 | 13.3 | 13.6 | 12.4 |
| 2 | 2.7 | 4.7 | 3.8 | 5.4 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 4.2 |
| 3 + | 1.4 | 3.4 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 3.2 | 2.8 |
| Oral steroid use | 2.1 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.2 |
| Statin use | 14.4 | 15.1 | 13.2 | 19.6 | 14.0 | 20.4 | 17.6 |
| ACEI/ARB use | 14.1 | 17.8 | 13.2 | 20.4 | 16.3 | 18.7 | 16.6 |
| Neighborhood deprivation index | |||||||
| 1st quartile: [1.97, − 0.89) | 29.0 | 13.3 | 17.2 | 18.1 | 13.9 | 26.4 | 25.0 |
| 2nd quartile: [− 0.89, − 0.50) | 24.0 | 19.0 | 20.4 | 23.6 | 21.5 | 26.2 | 24.9 |
| 3rd quartile: [− 0.50, − 0.05) | 21.9 | 26.0 | 23.0 | 28.1 | 29.4 | 25.7 | 25.0 |
| 4th quartile: [− 0.05, 5.33] | 25.0 | 41.6 | 39.2 | 30.0 | 35.1 | 21.5 | 24.9 |
| % of households with more than one person per room, median (IQR) | 2.3 (0.9, 4.9) | 3.2 (1.3, 6.2) | 2.8 (1.0, 6.0) | 2.1 (0.8, 4.2) | 2.7 (1.1, 5.3) | 1.8 (0.6, 3.6) | 2.0 (0.7, 4.0) |
*Individuals self-identified as Hispanic or Latino/Latina (HI/LA) grouped as HI/LA regardless of race selected; all racial groups exclude individuals who identified as HI/LA. BA/AA, Black or African American; IA/AN, Indigenous American/Alaskan Native; NH/PI, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander. Characteristics of individuals who, in our analysis, were classified as multiracial, selected race not listed, and race unknown are in Appendix Table R1
‡Severe chronic kidney disease defined as last estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) measured in prior year less than 30 mL/min per 1.73 m2. eGFR calculated from creatinine labs using the Chronic Kidney Disease-Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula excluding the BA/AA race component of the formula
νCharlson score excluding asthma, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes mellitus, heart failure
ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; SD, standard deviation; IQR, interquartile range