Table 2.
Estimated relative risk (95% confidence intervals) for severe COVID-19
| Self-report race/ethnicity | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Relative risk of severe COVID-19 in the entire population | |||||
| Asian American | 1.14 (0.77, 1.70) | 1.96 (1.32, 2.92) | 2.29 (1.49, 3.51) | 2.15 (1.40, 3.29) | 2.09 (1.36, 3.21) |
| Black or African American | 2.06 (1.45, 2.93) | 3.09 (2.18, 4.38) | 2.88 (2.00, 4.15) | 2.31 (1.60, 3.33) | 2.02 (1.39, 2.93) |
| Hispanic or Latino/Latina* | 1.58 (1.21, 2.06) | 2.75 (2.11, 3.59) | 2.71 (2.06, 3.58) | 2.39 (1.81, 3.17) | 2.09 (1.57, 2.78) |
| Indigenous American/Alaskan Native | 1.33 (0.50, 3.58) | 1.65 (0.61, 4.41) | 1.69 (0.63, 4.55) | 1.47 (0.55, 3.97) | 1.39 (0.51, 3.76) |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0.91 (0.23, 3.65) | 1.96 (0.49, 7.88) | 1.98 (0.49, 7.99) | 1.60 (0.40, 6.44) | 1.52 (0.38, 6.12) |
| White† | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Multiracial | 0.89 (0.13, 6.34) | 1.41 (0.20, 9.99) | 1.52 (0.21, 10.83) | 1.10 (0.15, 8.01) | 1.02 (0.14, 7.53) |
| Selected race not listed | 1.06 (0.56, 2.00) | 1.57 (0.83, 2.95) | 1.38 (0.68, 2.80) | 1.30 (0.64, 2.65) | 1.26 (0.62, 2.58) |
| Unknown race | 0.50 (0.30, 0.83) | 1.25 (0.75, 2.09) | 1.60 (0.75, 3.43) | 1.76 (0.82, 3.77) | 1.73 (0.81, 3.71) |
| Relative risk of severe COVID-19 among individuals with confirmed COVID-19‡ | |||||
| Asian American | 0.78 (0.53, 1.14) | 1.60 (1.13, 2.26) | 1.88 (1.27, 2.76) | 1.83 (1.25, 2.69) | 1.82 (1.23, 2.68) |
| Black or African American | 0.72 (0.52, 0.99) | 1.16 (0.84, 1.60) | 1.10 (0.77, 1.58) | 1.00 (0.70, 1.43) | 0.95 (0.66, 1.37) |
| Hispanic or Latino/Latina* | 0.53 (0.41, 0.69) | 1.16 (0.90, 1.50) | 1.10 (0.83, 1.45) | 1.01 (0.76, 1.35) | 0.97 (0.72, 1.31) |
| Indigenous American/Alaskan Native | 1.24 (0.47, 3.24) | 2.69 (1.02, 7.12) | 2.69 (0.99, 7.36) | 2.59 (0.98, 6.83) | 2.64 (0.99, 7.03) |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 0.31 (0.08, 1.24) | 0.77 (0.19, 3.06) | 0.93 (0.23, 3.67) | 0.76 (0.18, 3.22) | 0.76 (0.18, 3.11) |
| White† | REF | REF | REF | REF | REF |
| Multiracial | 0.76 (0.10, 5.52) | 1.15 (0.16, 8.45) | 1.16 (0.15, 8.88) | 0.76 (0.08, 7.01) | 0.67 (0.07, 6.78) |
| Selected race not listed | 0.79 (0.43, 1.45) | 1.16 (0.67, 1.99) | 1.14 (0.61, 2.13) | 1.05 (0.57, 1.97) | 1.06 (0.57, 1.98) |
| Unknown race | 0.61 (0.37, 1.00) | 1.25 (0.79, 1.98) | 1.29 (0.68, 2.45) | 1.24 (0.63, 2.45) | 1.28 (0.66, 2.47) |
*Individuals self-identified as Hispanic or Latino/Latina (HI/LA) grouped as HI/LA regardless of race selected; all racial groups exclude individuals who identified as Hispanic or Latino/Latina
†Reference group non-HI/LA White
Model 1: Adjusted for health system (Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Northwest, or Washington)
Model 2: Adjusted for variables in Model 1, age (linear spline with knots at 35, 45, 55, 65, 75), and sex (male, female)
Model 3: Adjusted for variables in Model 2, health system, age, sex, body mass index (< 25, 25–30, 30 + kg/m2), and smoking (current, past, never)
Model 4: Adjusted for variables in Model 3, hypertension, asthma, atherosclerotic disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), severe CKD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes mellitus (DM), heart failure (HF), modified Charlson score (Charlson score excluding asthma, atherosclerotic disease, CKD, COPD, DM, HF; categorical as 0, 1, 2, 3 +), oral steroid use, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker use, statin use
Model 5: Adjusted for variables in Model 4, quartile of neighborhood deprivation index, percent in census block with housing units with more than 1 person per room
‡Models restricted to individuals with COVID-19 adjusted for month of infection in addition to covariates listed