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. 2022 Jan 24;10(1):149–159. doi: 10.1007/s40615-021-01205-2

Table 3.

Estimated relative risk (95% confidence intervals) for any COVID-19 infection

Self-report race/ethnicity* Model 1 Model 2 Model 3 Model 4 Model 5
Asian American 1.25 (1.13, 1.38) 1.18 (1.07, 1.29) 1.27 (1.15, 1.42) 1.24 (1.11, 1.38) 1.20 (1.08, 1.33)
Black or African American 2.47 (2.26, 2.70) 2.34 (2.14, 2.56) 2.24 (2.03, 2.47) 2.11 (1.91, 2.32) 1.89 (1.72, 2.09)
Hispanic or Latino/Latina 3.43 (3.24, 3.64) 3.21 (3.03, 3.40) 3.07 (2.89, 3.27) 2.98 (2.80, 3.17) 2.67 (2.50, 2.84)
Indigenous American/Alaskan Native 1.05 (0.78, 1.41) 1.04 (0.78, 1.40) 1.06 (0.78, 1.44) 1.02 (0.75, 1.39) 0.99 (0.73, 1.35)
Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander 3.49 (2.94, 4.15) 3.25 (2.73, 3.86) 2.82 (2.32, 3.44) 2.66 (2.18, 3.24) 2.49 (2.04, 3.03)
White† REF REF REF REF REF
Multiracial 1.44 (1.02, 2.02) 1.38 (0.98, 1.94) 1.32 (0.91, 1.90) 1.23 (0.85, 1.78) 1.18 (0.82, 1.71)
Selected race not listed 1.52 (1.29, 1.80) 1.46 (1.24, 1.72) 1.53 (1.26, 1.85) 1.52 (1.25, 1.84) 1.47 (1.21, 1.78)
Unknown race 0.91 (0.83, 1.01) 0.84 (0.76, 0.93) 1.30 (1.09, 1.55) 1.31 (1.10, 1.57) 1.26 (1.06, 1.51)

*Individuals self-identified as Hispanic or Latino/Latina grouped as such regardless of race selected; all racial groups exclude individuals who identified as Hispanic or Latino/Latina

Reference group non-HI/LA White

Model 1: Adjusted for health system (Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Northwest, or Washington)

Model 2: Adjusted for variables in Model 1, age (linear spline with knots at 35, 45, 55, 65, 75), sex (male, female)

Model 3: Adjusted for variables in Model 2, body mass index (< 25, 25–30, 30 + kg/m2), smoking (current, past, never)

Model 4: Adjusted for variables in Model 3, hypertension, asthma, atherosclerotic disease, chronic kidney disease (CKD), severe CKD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), diabetes mellitus (DM), heart failure (HF), modified Charlson score (Charlson score excluding asthma, atherosclerotic disease, CKD, COPD, DM, HF; categorical as 0, 1, 2, 3 +), oral steroid use, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker use, statin use

Model 5: Adjusted for variables in Model 4, quartile of neighborhood deprivation index, percent in census block with housing units with more than one person per room