TABLE 1.
Cohort Descriptions
| Country | Difference (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Canada PERC Study (N = 827) | US PECARN Study (N = 588) | ||
| Age in mo, median (IQR) | 16.0 (10.0–24.0) | 17.4 (10.6–28.3) | 1.4 (−0.6 to 3.3) |
| Male, n (%) | 472 (57.1) | 309 (52.6) | −4.5% (−9.8 to 0.7) |
| Race and/or ethnicity, n (%)a | |||
| White non-Hispanic and non-Latino | — | 115 (20.2) | — |
| Hispanic or Latino | — | 202 (35.6) | — |
| Black non-Hispanic and non-Latino | — | 207 (36.4) | |
| Other non-Hispanic and non-Latino | — | 44 (7.7) | — |
| Distance to hospital, km,b median (IQR) | 10.2 (5.3–15.9) | 7.8 (3.9–14.4) | −2.4 (−3.5 to −1.3) |
| Child has a primary medical doctor, n (%) | 757 (91.5) | 557 (94.9) | 3.4 (0.8 to 6) |
| Previous ED visit for the current illness, n (%) | 83 (10.0) | 21 (3.6) | −6.4 (−9 to −3.9) |
| CDS score, continuous, mean (SD)c | 1.1 (1.34) | 0.6 (1.25) | −0.5 (−0.6 to −0.3) |
| Baseline MVS score, median (IQR) | 12 (10–13) | 11 (9–13) | −1 (−1.5 to −0.5) |
| Maximum temperature (Celsius), median (IQR) | 38.0 (37.0–39.4) | 37.8 (37.0–39.4) | −0.2 (−0.7 to 0.3) |
| Received antibiotics past 14 d, n (%) | 110 (13.3) | 46 (7.9) | −5.4 (−8.6 to −2.2) |
| Received rotavirus vaccine, n (%) | 396 (63.5) | 259 (66.6) | 3.1 (−2.9 to 9.1) |
| Diarrhea and vomiting severity | |||
| No. diarrheal episodes previous 24 h, median (IQR) | 5 (3–8) | 6 (4–9) | 1 (0.5 to 1.5) |
| Duration of diarrhea at presentation, median (IQR), h | 32.4 (22.5–51.8) | 35.6 (21.5–52.0) | 3.0 (−1.2 to 7.1) |
| Presence of vomiting at presentation, n (%) | 635 (76.8) | 448 (76.3) | −0.5% (−4.9 to 4.0) |
| No. vomiting episodes in previous 24 h,d median (IQR) | 4 (2–7) | 4 (2–6) | 0 (−0.6 to 0.6) |
| Duration of vomiting at presentation, median (IQR), hd | 36.4 (17.5–52.0) | 29.2 (16.2–49.6) | −7.1 (−10.9 to −3.2) |
| Index ED visit interventions, n (%) | |||
| IV fluids administered during index visit | 68 (8.2) | 100 (17.0) | 8.8 (5.2 to 12.4) |
| IV fluids administered at index visit or within 7 d | 79 (9.6) | 107 (18.2) | 8.6 (4.9 to 12.4) |
| Ondansetron given in the ED, n (%) | 183 (22.2) | 292 (49.7) | 27.5 (22.6 to 32.4) |
| Oral | 176 (21.3) | 264 (44.9) | 23.6 (18.7 to 28.5) |
| Intravenous | 7 (0.8) | 28 (4.8) | 3.9 (2.1 to 5.7) |
| Patient was admitted to the hospital from the ED, n (%) | 19 (2.3) | 23 (3.9) | 1.6 (−0.3 to 3.5) |
| Ondansetron administered at home, postindex ED visit, n (%) | 13 (1.8) | 59 (10.1) | 8.3 (5.7 to 10.9) |
Medians (IQR) and differences in medians with 95% CIs estimated by using the inverted rank score test are shown for continuous characteristics, with the exception of the CDS score, which displays mean (SD) with difference in means and 95% ordinary least square CI; n (%) and differences in proportions with 95% Wald CI are shown for categorical characteristics. Missing values are as follows (Canada and United States): distance to hospital (1 and 3), primary medical doctor (0 and 1), previous ED visit (0 and 5), dehydration score (0 and 4), number of diarrheal episodes (1 and 1), diarrhea duration (195 and 14), number of vomit episodes (0 and 1), ED intravenous fluids (1 and 0), ED ondansetron (1 and 0), and admitted (0 and 1). IV, intravenous; MVS, modified Vesikari scale; —, not applicable.
Race and ethnicity data were unavailable for the Canada (PERC) cohort.
Distance was calculated as the geodetic distance between a patient’s residence and the hospital zip (postal) code.
Dehydration was assessed by using the CDS score.20,23 A score of 0 indicates no dehydration, scores of 1 to 4 indicate some dehydration, and scores of 5 to 8 indicate moderate-to-severe dehydration.
Out of those experiencing vomiting.