Structures and FE-SEM images of the three fullerenes: (a) Gd@C82(OH)22, (b) C60(OH)22, (c) C60(C(COOH)2)2, (d) UV-Vis absorption spectra of water-soluble fullerenes: (Gd@C82(OH)22, C60(OH)22, and C60(C(COOH)2)2 at 200 μM in PBS solution and (e) UV-Vis absorption spectra of Gd@C82(OH)22, C60(OH)22, C60(C(COOH)2)2, Gd@C82, and C60. Gd@C82 and C60 were prepared at 1 mM in toluene solutions.