Table 3. Existing astrocyte differentiation protocols from hiPSCs.
Protocols used in non-ALS studies are indicated in black, while protocols in ALS studies are indicated in blue.
| Study | Critical factors for terminal differentiation |
Length | Presence of serum in terminal differentiation media |
|---|---|---|---|
| (Hu et al., 2010) | cAMP (1 uM) | > 3 months | No |
| (Krencik and Zhang, 2011) | CNTF (10 ng/ml) | > 3 months | No |
| (Emdad et al., 2012) | CNTF (20 ng/ml) | ~ 5 weeks | No |
| (Juopperi et al., 2012) | Chemically not defined commercial media (ScienCell) | > 3 months | Yes |
| (Lafaille et al., 2012) | 5% FBS | 2–3 months | Yes |
| (Serio et al., 2013) (Birger et al., 2019) (Zhao et al., 2020) | CNTF (10 ug/ml) | ~ 2 months | No |
| (Shaltouki et al., 2013) | CNTF (5ng/ml) BMP (10ng/ml) FGF2 (8ng/ml) 1% FBS Activin A (10ng/ml) Heregulin1b (10ng/ml) IGFI analog (200ng/ml) |
~ 5 weeks from the NSC stage | Yes |
| (Roybon et al., 2013) | hrFGF1 (0.1 to 100ng/ml, then 50ng/ml) hrFGF2 (0.1 to 100ng/ml, then 50ng/ml) |
> 80 days | Yes |
| (Sareen et al., 2014) | EGF (100ng/ml) FGF2 (100ng/ml) CNTF (−) |
> 2 months | No |
| (Mormone et al., 2014) | CNTF (20 ng/ml) | 28-35 days | No |
| (Meyer et al., 2014) (Hautbergue et al., 2017) (Varcianna et al., 2019) | 10% FBS | > 7 days from induced NPCs (iNPCs) | Yes |
| (Holmqvist et al., 2015) | FGF2 (20 ng/ml) EGF (100 ng/ml) |
~ 45 days | No |
| (Pasca et al., 2015; Sloan et al., 2017) | - | From day 100 | No |
| (Du et al., 2015) (Madill et al., 2017) (NB: Based on (Krencik and Zhang, 2011)) | 10% FBS | > 3 months | Yes |
| (Zhou et al., 2016) | Ascorbic Acid (0.2mM) | > 28 days | No |
| (Yasui et al., 2017) | LIF (1/1.000, Wako) 1% and 5% FBS |
~ 28 days from hNPCs | Yes |
| (Tew et al., 2017) and (Soubannier et al., 2020) | Chemically not defined commercial media (ScienCell) | ~ 30 days from hNPCs | Yes |
| (Hall et al., 2017) (Smethurst et al.,2020) | BMP4 (10 ng/ml) LIF (10 ng/ml) |
~ 3 months | No |
| (Perriot et al., 2018) | CNTF (20 ng/ml) | 2–3 months | No |
| (Canals et al., 2018) | dbcAMP (500 mg/ml) heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (5 ng/ml) BMP4 (10 ng/ml) CNTF (10 ng/ml) |
< 28 days | No |
| (Lundin et al., 2018) | FGF2 (8 ng/mL) heregulin 1β (10 ng/mL) IGF1 (200 ng/mL) ActivinA (10 ng/mL) |
> 28 days | No |
| (Li et al., 2018) | BMP4 (10 ng/mL) CNTF (10 ng/mL) |
4-7 weeks | No |
| (Rosati et al., 2018) | 2% FBS | > 5 weeks from neurospheres | Yes |
| (Tchieu et al., 2019) | HB-EGF (10ng/ml) CNTF (10 ng/mL) LIF: 10ng/ml |
> 4 weeks | No |
| (Bradley et al., 2019) | BMP4 (10 ng/ml) CNTF (10 ng/ml |
~ 3 months | No |
| (Raman et al., 2020) | BMP4 (10 ng/mL) heregulin-β (10 ng/mL) CNTF (10 ng/mL) |
> 50 days | No |
| (Barbar et al., 2020) | T3 (60ng/mL) cAMP (1 μM) Ascorbic Acid (20 μg/mL) |
> 2 months | No |
| (Leventoux et al., 2020) | BDNF (10 ng/ml) GDNF (10 ng/ml) |
From day 48 | No |
| (Peteri et al., 2021) | CNTF (20 ng/mL) | > 75 days | No |