Overview of experimental results for the catalytic (co-)conversion of the individual and co-feeds over an H-ZSM-5/Al2O3 catalyst.
| (co-)Feeda | G | M | G/M | E | G/E | D | G/D | H | G/H | O | G/O |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peak BTX carbon yield (C%) | 19.5 | 4.3 | 22.6 (11.0) | 25.0 | 25.6 (22.4) | 18.1 | 21.7 (18.8) | 18.3 | 22.3 (18.9) | 22.0 | 26.7 (21.3) |
| Total BTX productivityb (mgBTX gcat−1) | 426 | 155 | 911 (274) | 1379 | 972 (931) | 2428 | 798 (1367) | 2619 | 748 (1479) | 739 | 834 (645) |
| Catalyst life-time (h) | 8.5 | 5.5 | >12 | >12 | >12 | >12 | 8 | >12 | 9 | 6.5 | 11 |
| Total carbon yieldc (%) | 34.2 | 79.4 | 59.8 | 67.6 | 71.1 | 66.8 | 52.0 | 51.7 | 45.3 | 48.1 | 38.4 |
| Overall carbon selectivityd (%) | |||||||||||
| BTX | 35.0 | 3.8 | 32.3 (17.5) | 27.5 | 24.2 (31.0) | 25.5 | 26.9 (30.5) | 33.5 | 29.5 (34.3) | 25.9 | 32.6 (28.6) |
| Benzene | 6.7 | 0.3 | 2.1 | 5.4 | 4.4 | 6.1 | 5.3 | 7.6 | 5.6 | 7.0 | 7.8 |
| Toluene | 16.9 | 1.4 | 10.3 | 13.8 | 11.7 | 12.4 | 13.1 | 16.3 | 14.2 | 12.2 | 15.8 |
| m,p-Xylene | 9.3 | 1.7 | 15.7 | 6.4 | 6.4 | 5.2 | 6.9 | 7.2 | 7.8 | 5.2 | 7.2 |
| o-Xylene | 2.1 | 0.4 | 4.2 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.9 | 1.6 | 1.8 |
| Other aromatics | 3.9 | 0.1 | 1.3 (1.8) | 1.2 | 1.7 (2.5) | 2.8 | 2.4 (3.4) | 3.4 | 2.7 (3.7) | 4.0 | 3.5 (4.0) |
| Ethylbenzene | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
| Naphthalene | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 1.5 | 1.3 |
| 2-Methyl naphthalene | 1.5 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.8 | 1.2 | 0.9 | 1.4 | 1.2 |
| 1-Methyl naphthalene | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 |
| CO & CO2 | 7.8 | 33.2 | 12.3 (22.0) | 1.8 | 9.7 (4.6) | 0.0 | 13.0 (4.1) | 0.0 | 11.8 (4.1) | 9.6 | 8.4 (9.1) |
| CO | 0.8 | 31.0 | 9.8 | 1.1 | 6.4 | 0.0 | 9.8 | 0.0 | 8.8 | 6.7 | 5.1 |
| CO2 | 7.0 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 0.6 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.3 |
| C1–C3 | 33.1 | 58.7 | 39.3 (47.4) | 67.7 | 54.4 (51.4) | 69.4 | 45.4 (50.2) | 59.9 | 42.1 (46.0) | 53.0 | 42.9 (47.0) |
| Methane | 0.9 | 38.5 | 8.7 | 5.2 | 3.2 | 9.9 | 5.1 | 8.5 | 4.4 | 6.7 | 6.1 |
| Ethane | 3.3 | 1.8 | 7.2 | 10.0 | 11.0 | 13.9 | 5.8 | 10.8 | 7.1 | 9.3 | 5.9 |
| Ethene | 13.5 | 8.5 | 11.5 | 18.9 | 23.8 | 6.7 | 11.7 | 6.3 | 10.5 | 10.1 | 10.6 |
| Propane | 10.6 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 20.1 | 5.7 | 33.1 | 10.4 | 28.8 | 8.4 | 14.4 | 9.3 |
| Propene | 4.8 | 5.7 | 7.1 | 13.5 | 10.8 | 5.7 | 12.4 | 5.6 | 11.7 | 12.4 | 11.0 |
| Coke on the spent catalyst | 20.2 | 4.1 | 14.8 (11.2) | 1.8 | 10.1 (10.4) | 2.3 | 12.3 (11.8) | 3.1 | 13.9 (12.0) | 7.5 | 12.6 (11.3) |
a
(Co-)feed: G – glycerol, M – methanol, E – ethanol, D – dodecane, H – hexadecane, O – oleic acid, G/M (43/57 wt%), G/E (54/46 wt%), G/D (71/29 wt%), G/H (70/30 wt%), and G/O (45/55 wt%).
b
Total BTX productivity for catalyst life-time or for a TOS of 12 h.
c
Cumulative carbon yield of all the products analyzed (including BTX, the other aromatics, CO & CO2, C1C3, and coke, but excluding glycerol and oxygenates).
d
Overall carbon selectivity of the cumulative product collected during a run. (The numbers in brackets are calculated according to the feed ratios of the individual feeds (Table 1, entries 7–11) and their corresponding performance data. See the ESI† for a calculation example.).