Table 3.
Adjusted Relative Risk Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals Testing Independent Associations Between Patient Characteristics at COVID-19 Presentation and Persistent Symptoms
| Adjusted relative risk ratio* [95% CI] | p-value# | |
|---|---|---|
| Age | 1.00 [0.99–1.01] | 0.92 |
| Female | 1.26 [1.01–1.56] | 0.036 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| White | Ref | – |
| Hispanic/Latino | 1.04 [0.80–1.36] | 0.77 |
| Black | 1.01 [0.72–1.42] | 0.94 |
| Asian | 0.70 [0.49–1.02] | 0.061 |
| Other | 0.72 [0.52–1.01] | 0.055 |
| Percent neighborhood poverty rate | 1.00 [0.99–1.01] | 0.50 |
| Severity of acute COVID-19 illness | ||
| Emergency room only | Ref | – |
| Hospitalized, no mechanical ventilation | 0.91 [0.65–1.27] | 0.58 |
| Hospitalized, mechanical ventilation | 1.48 [1.02–2.14] | 0.038 |
| Pre-COVID comorbidities | ||
| Asthma | 1.27 [0.98–1.66] | 0.074 |
| COPD or ILD | 0.82 [0.47–1.44] | 0.49 |
| Heart failure | 0.94 [0.52–1.68] | 0.82 |
| Coronary artery disease (CAD) | 0.85 [0.57–1.25] | 0.40 |
| Hypertension | 1.09 [0.86–1.38] | 0.46 |
| Current tobacco use (smoking or vaping) | 1.17 [0.70–1.96] | 0.55 |
| Active cancer | 1.13 [0.58–2.18] | 0.72 |
| Renal disease (CKD or ESRD) | 0.80 [0.46–1.40] | 0.44 |
| Diabetes | 0.93 [0.73–1.18] | 0.56 |
| HIV | 1.75 [1.14–2.69] | 0.010 |
| Obesity (BMI >30) (missing for 76) | 1.09 [0.87–1.36] | 0.47 |
| Pregnancy | 0.33 [0.09–1.18] | 0.089 |
| Any organ transplant | 0.61 [0.25–1.47] | 0.27 |
| Liver disease (cirrhosis or hepatitis) | 0.74 [0.28–1.98] | 0.55 |
| Stroke or cerebrovascular disease | 0.36 [0.15–0.86] | 0.022 |
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, CKD chronic kidney disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, ESRDend-stage renal disease, ILD interstitial lung disease, SD standard deviation
*Adjusted for age, sex, race, poverty, co-morbidities, severity of illness
#p<0.10 in bold