Comparison 3. Lower lingual arch versus no active treatment (control).

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
3.1 Change in mandibular arch length	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	2.61 [1.83, 3.39]
3.2 Change in mandibular incisor A‐P position	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	0.66 [0.46, 0.86]
3.3 Change in mandibular incisor inclination	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	3.01 [1.71, 4.31]
3.4 Change in mandibular molar A‐P position	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐1.11 [‐1.51, ‐0.71]
3.5 Change in mandibular molar inclination	1	30	Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI)	‐2.73 [‐4.29, ‐1.17]