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. 2021 Dec 16;49(6):2853–2869. doi: 10.1042/BST20210844

Table 3. Summary of recent works investigating translation-level changes to gene expression in aged cells.

Model system Tissues studied Method Up-regulated Down-regulated Reference
Rats (6 months vs. 24 months old) Brain and liver Ribosome profiling was conducted as per Ingolia et al. [60,61] using Illumina HiSeq technologies Immune and inflammatory response, Lipid oxidation, Stress response, Translation Ion channel activity, Neuronal action potential, Lipid biosynthesis, Amine catabolic processes [25]
Yeast - Replicatively aged yeast cultures were harvested at 15 and 30 hrs and underwent cycloheximide treatment before subsequent polysome and ribosome profiling Stress response, Translation repressors Ribosome biogenesis, Translational regulators [63]
Mice Liver, kidney and skeletal muscle Assessed translation efficiency of specific classes of mRNAs using ribosome profiling in 3-month- and 18-month-old mice TCA cycle, Oxidative phosphorylation, Fatty acid metabolism, Glycolysis mTOR signalling, MAP kinase signalling, Insulin signalling, Translation components [64]
Mice Liver and kidney Liver and kidney samples were taken across various timepoints with three biological replicates (in all except one condition) undergoing Ribo-seq Inflammation and immune response, Lysosome, ECM organisation Mitochondrial proteins, Redox homeostasis, Translation components [65]
Human Skeletal Muscle Skeletal muscle biopsies were performed on three individuals aged between 40–45 and two individuals aged 80+ and the tissues were subjected to ribosome profiling with Illumina HiSeq 2500 short read sequencing - Mitochondrial proteins, Oxidative phosphorylation [66]
Human Heart tissue 65 left ventricle samples from dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and 15 non-DCM controls were used for ribosome profiling. Footprint libraries were sequenced with Illumina HiSeq 2500 ECM production, mTOR signalling, Translation components Mitochondrial processes [46]