Figure 2. Activation and distance analyses of movement planning and execution.

The inset shows the inflated cortical surface of the contralateral (left) hemisphere, highlighting the area of interest (A-D, purple) and the strip used for the profile region of interest (ROI) analysis (E, F, white). Major sulci are indicated by white dotted lines.( A) Univariate activation map (percent signal change) for the contrast planning > baseline (no-go trials only). (B) Multivariate searchlight map of the mean crossnobis distance between the planning of the three fingers (no-go trials only). (C) Same as A, but for the univariate contrast execution > baseline (go trials). (D) Same as B, but for the mean crossnobis distance between fingers during execution. Colorbars in A and C reflect mean percent signal change, whereas colorbars in B and D reflect mean crossnobis distance (arbitrary units). (E) Profile ROI analysis (see Materials and methods) of the mean percent signal change (± standard error of the mean [SEM]) during planning (no-go trials, orange) and execution (blue). The x-axis corresponds to Brodmann areas (BAs) selected from the white strip shown in the inset at the top. Horizontal bars indicate significance (p < 0.05) in a two-sided one-sample t-test vs zero for selected ROIs. (F) Same as E, but for the mean crossnobis distance (± SEM). Vertical dotted lines mark the approximate boundaries between BAs subdivisions of our main ROIs (see Materials and methods). Black triangles point to the approximate location of the main anatomical landmarks: Pre-CS = precentral sulcus; CS = central sulcus; Post-CS = postcentral sulcus. PMd (BA 6) = dorsal premotor cortex; M1 (BA 4a, 4b) = primary motor cortex; S1 (BA 3a, 3b, 1, 2) = primary somatosensory cortex; aSPL (BA 5) = anterior superior parietal lobule. For analogous results using the estimates of planning activity from all trials, see Figure 2—figure supplement 1. For the whole-brain maps of univariate and multivariate results, see Figure 2—figure supplement 2.

Figure 2—figure supplement 1. Activation and distance analyses using planning of both go and no-go trials.

(A) Activation map (percent signal change) for the contrast planning > baseline. The selected area of interest is the same as shown in purple in the inset of Figure 2A. (B) Crossnobis distance searchlight map for movement planning. (C) Same as A, but for the contrast execution > baseline. (D) Same as B, but for movement execution. (E, F) Profile region of interest (ROI) analysis corresponding to the same area shown in white in the inset of Figure 2A. (E) Mean percent signal change (± standard error of the mean [SEM]) during planning (orange) and execution (blue). (F) Mean crossnobis distance (± SEM). Horizontal bars indicate significance (p < 0.05) in a two-sided one-sample t-test against zero. All other figure conventions are the same as in Figure 2.

Figure 2—figure supplement 2. Whole-brain flat surface maps (both cortical hemispheres).

(A) Univariate activation for planning (no-go trials). (B) Multivariate distance for planning (no-go trials). (C) Univariate activation for execution. (D) Multivariate distance for execution. Colorbars reflect mean percent signal change for the univariate maps and mean crossnobis distance (arbitrary units) for the multivariate maps.