Table 3.
Scores on the PHQ-9, STAXI, and Brief COPE.
| Younger adult |
Middle-aged adult |
Aged adult |
Statistical analysis |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Interaction |
Survey time (within) |
Age group (between) |
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| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | p | partial η2 | F | p | partial η2 | F | p | partial η2 | ||
| PHQ-9 | Time 1 | 6.9 | 5.9 | 5.2 | 5.3 | 0.8 | 3.6 | 2.92 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.75 | 0.47 | 0.00 | 79.72 | < 0.001 | 0.10 |
| Time 2 | 6.8 | 6.0 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 2.7 | 3.4 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 7.2 | 6.3 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 2.8 | 3.9 | ||||||||||
| State Anger | Time 1 | 15.75 | 6.26 | 15.14 | 5.50 | 11.73 | 4.38 | 4.58 | 0.001 | 0.01 | 11.73 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 14.86 | < 0.001 | 0.02 |
| Time 2 | 15.92 | 6.93 | 14.07 | 5.38 | 13.52 | 4.42 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 16.01 | 6.94 | 14.58 | 5.71 | 14.15 | 4.97 | ||||||||||
| Anger Control | Time 1 | 18.56 | 4.58 | 19.26 | 3.76 | 23.40 | 3.55 | 1.56 | 0.18 | 0.00 | 23.40 | < 0.001 | 0.02 | 5.43 | 0.004 | 0.01 |
| Time 2 | 18.03 | 5.08 | 18.03 | 4.60 | 18.65 | 4.15 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 17.85 | 5.16 | 18.44 | 4.34 | 18.72 | 4.51 | ||||||||||
| Self-distraction | Time 1 | 4.73 | 1.56 | 4.63 | 1.30 | 23.72 | 1.25 | 0.85 | 0.50 | 0.00 | 23.72 | < 0.001 | 0.02 | 4.58 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Time 2 | 4.59 | 1.57 | 4.30 | 1.43 | 4.29 | 1.39 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 4.52 | 1.54 | 4.36 | 1.49 | 4.31 | 1.41 | ||||||||||
| Active coping | Time 1 | 5.09 | 1.48 | 5.28 | 1.28 | 31.60 | 1.21 | 1.03 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 31.60 | < 0.001 | 0.02 | 8.73 | < 0.001 | 0.01 |
| Time 2 | 4.86 | 1.55 | 4.88 | 1.45 | 5.14 | 1.38 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 4.82 | 1.56 | 4.99 | 1.44 | 5.16 | 1.36 | ||||||||||
| Denial | Time 1 | 3.19 | 1.39 | 3.18 | 1.20 | 2.34 | 1.15 | 2.94 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 2.34 | 0.10 | 0.00 | 3.75 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
| Time 2 | 3.34 | 1.49 | 3.07 | 1.21 | 3.24 | 1.29 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 3.25 | 1.46 | 3.04 | 1.24 | 3.17 | 1.20 | ||||||||||
| Substance use | Time 1 | 3.39 | 1.69 | 3.31 | 1.59 | 1.29 | 1.35 | 0.64 | 0.63 | 0.00 | 1.29 | 0.28 | 0.00 | 7.75 | < 0.001 | 0.01 |
| Time 2 | 3.30 | 1.68 | 3.24 | 1.57 | 3.04 | 1.40 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 3.35 | 1.67 | 3.27 | 1.56 | 2.95 | 1.36 | ||||||||||
| Emotional support | Time 1 | 4.27 | 1.68 | 4.07 | 1.37 | 13.44 | 1.24 | 0.88 | 0.48 | 0.00 | 13.44 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 22.50 | < 0.001 | 0.03 |
| Time 2 | 4.16 | 1.71 | 3.81 | 1.46 | 3.55 | 1.30 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 4.09 | 1.64 | 3.86 | 1.48 | 3.57 | 1.35 | ||||||||||
| Instrumental support | Time 1 | 4.19 | 1.71 | 4.04 | 1.41 | 8.89 | 1.29 | 1.03 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 8.89 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 17.66 | < 0.001 | 0.02 |
| Time 2 | 4.11 | 1.67 | 3.88 | 1.48 | 3.51 | 1.31 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 4.01 | 1.68 | 3.86 | 1.49 | 3.61 | 1.37 | ||||||||||
| Behavioral disengagement | Time 1 | 4.12 | 1.49 | 3.84 | 1.26 | 5.78 | 1.11 | 0.53 | 0.71 | 0.00 | 5.78 | 0.003 | 0.00 | 30.53 | < 0.001 | 0.04 |
| Time 2 | 4.10 | 1.54 | 3.71 | 1.41 | 3.50 | 1.23 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 4.01 | 1.54 | 3.71 | 1.37 | 3.41 | 1.22 | ||||||||||
| Venting | Time 1 | 4.11 | 1.51 | 4.03 | 1.29 | 9.10 | 1.14 | 0.35 | 0.84 | 0.00 | 9.10 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 9.97 | < 0.001 | 0.01 |
| Time 2 | 4.00 | 1.63 | 3.81 | 1.37 | 3.64 | 1.23 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 4.03 | 1.59 | 3.91 | 1.32 | 3.71 | 1.21 | ||||||||||
| Positive reframing | Time 1 | 4.55 | 1.59 | 4.77 | 1.40 | 16.56 | 1.32 | 1.89 | 0.11 | 0.00 | 16.56 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 2.76 | 0.06 | 0.00 |
| Time 2 | 4.40 | 1.62 | 4.53 | 1.56 | 4.64 | 1.44 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 4.49 | 1.68 | 4.53 | 1.56 | 4.52 | 1.47 | ||||||||||
| Planning | Time 1 | 4.90 | 1.58 | 5.10 | 1.35 | 32.54 | 1.32 | 1.11 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 32.54 | < 0.001 | 0.02 | 4.21 | 0.015 | 0.01 |
| Time 2 | 4.73 | 1.58 | 4.77 | 1.49 | 4.86 | 1.46 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 4.67 | 1.57 | 4.85 | 1.52 | 4.93 | 1.44 | ||||||||||
| Humor | Time 1 | 3.90 | 1.56 | 3.73 | 1.35 | 5.68 | 1.14 | 1.42 | 0.22 | 0.00 | 5.68 | 0.003 | 0.00 | 11.36 | < 0.001 | 0.02 |
| Time 2 | 3.79 | 1.52 | 3.67 | 1.48 | 3.51 | 1.28 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 3.83 | 1.58 | 3.53 | 1.46 | 3.37 | 1.21 | ||||||||||
| Acceptance | Time 1 | 5.67 | 1.63 | 6.01 | 1.30 | 20.27 | 1.15 | 0.02 | > 0.99 | 0.00 | 20.27 | < 0.001 | 0.01 | 13.47 | < 0.001 | 0.02 |
| Time 2 | 5.43 | 1.74 | 5.77 | 1.52 | 5.83 | 1.40 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 5.44 | 1.72 | 5.77 | 1.60 | 5.85 | 1.37 | ||||||||||
| Religion | Time 1 | 3.36 | 1.52 | 3.28 | 1.40 | 0.93 | 1.33 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.00 | 0.93 | 0.39 | 0.00 | 2.609 | 0.07 | 0.00 |
| Time 2 | 3.38 | 1.52 | 3.18 | 1.42 | 3.19 | 1.32 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 3.43 | 1.61 | 3.22 | 1.42 | 3.24 | 1.36 | ||||||||||
| Self-blame | Time 1 | 3.76 | 1.62 | 3.47 | 1.32 | 3.88 | 1.14 | 2.15 | 0.07 | 0.00 | 3.88 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 26.89 | < 0.001 | 0.04 |
| Time 2 | 3.81 | 1.73 | 3.35 | 1.42 | 3.11 | 1.15 | ||||||||||
| Time 3 | 3.73 | 1.77 | 3.26 | 1.39 | 3.18 | 1.26 | ||||||||||