Table 4.
Multiple linear regression of risk factors at time 1 and the STAXI and Brief COPE scores at time 3 associated with the PHQ-9 score at time 3.
| Younger adult |
Middle-aged adult |
Aged adult |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | (95% CI) | p value | β | (95% CI) | p value | β | (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Sex | Male | Ref | 0.08 | Ref | 0.91 | Ref | 0.79 | |||
| Female | 0.09 | (− 0.15, 2.38) | 0.00 | (− 0.74, 0.83) | 0.01 | (− 0.69, 0.91) | ||||
| Residential areas | Not under mild lockdown | Ref | 0.48 | Ref | 0.82 | Ref | 0.85 | |||
| Under lockdown | 0.03 | (− 0.65, 1.39) | - 0.01 | (− 0.75, 0.59) | - 0.01 | (− 0.70, 0.58) | ||||
| Underlying diseasea | Without | Ref | 0.40 | Ref | 0.003 | Ref | 0.03 | |||
| With | 0.03 | (− 1.25, 3.16) | 0.09 | (0.53, 2.50) | 0.09 | (0.10, 1.66) | ||||
| Marital status | Single | Ref | 0.005 | Ref | < 0.001 | Ref | 0.06 | |||
| Married | - 0.19 | (− 4.22, − 0.76) | - 0.15 | (− 2.73, − 0.70) | - 0.09 | (− 1.85, 0.03) | ||||
| Children | Without | Ref | 0.78 | Ref | 0.91 | Ref | 0.60 | |||
| With | 0.02 | (− 1.47, 1.95) | 0.00 | (− 0.91, 0.81) | - 0.02 | (− 1.20, 0.69) | ||||
| Household income | < 2 million JPY | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| 2–4 million JPY | - 0.04 | (− 2.28, 1.13) | 0.51 | - 0.02 | (− 1.35, 0.92) | 0.71 | - 0.06 | (− 1.59, 0.71) | 0.45 | |
| 4–6 million JPY | - 0.07 | (− 2.77, 0.72) | 0.25 | - 0.04 | (− 1.85, 0.72) | 0.39 | - 0.13 | (− 2.43, 0.10) | 0.07 | |
| 6–8 million JPY | - 0.02 | (− 2.30, 1.54) | 0.70 | 0.00 | (− 1.61, 1.46) | 0.92 | - 0.03 | (− 1.74, 1.13) | 0.67 | |
| > 8 million JPY | - 0.06 | (− 2.99, 0.95) | 0.31 | 0.01 | (− 1.37, 1.57) | 0.90 | - 0.06 | (− 2.01, 0.72) | 0.36 | |
| Employment status | Full-time worker | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| No regular employment | 0.06 | (− 0.46, 2.10) | 0.21 | 0.00 | (− 0.91, 0.87) | 0.96 | - 0.01 | (− 0.89, 0.79) | 0.91 | |
| Homemaker | 0.09 | (− 0.27, 3.61) | 0.09 | 0.07 | (0.07, 2.37) | 0.04 | 0.03 | (− 0.84, 1.54) | 0.56 | |
| Not working | 0.15 | (0.76, 3.93) | 0.004 | 0.04 | (− 0.57, 1.90) | 0.29 | 0.00 | (− 0.97, 1.01) | 0.97 | |
| Economic impact | Unimpacted | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||||
| Negative impact | 0.04 | (− 0.53, 1.58) | 0.33 | 0.12 | (0.64, 2.02) | < 0.001 | 0.05 | (− 0.26, 1.10) | 0.23 | |
| Positive impact | 0.01 | (− 2.34, 2.94) | 0.82 | - 0.02 | (− 2.64, 1.22) | 0.47 | 0.08 | (− 0.09, 4.20) | 0.06 | |
|
| ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Younger adults |
Middle-aged adults |
Aged adults |
||||||||
| β | (95% CI) | p value | β | (95% CI) | p value | β | (95% CI) | p value | ||
| STAXI | State Anger | 0.47 | (0.33, 0.52) | < 0.001 | 0.39 | (0.31, 0.45) | < 0.001 | 0.44 | (0.27, 0.41) | < 0.001 |
| Anger Control | 0.04 | (− 0.06, 0.17) | 0.37 | 0.03 | (− 0.06, 0.14) | 0.40 | 0.07 | (− 0.02, 0.14) | 0.17 | |
| Brief COPE | Self-distraction | 0.06 | (− 0.21, 0.69) | 0.30 | 0.08 | (− 0.04, 0.60) | 0.09 | 0.06 | (− 0.16, 0.48) | 0.32 |
| Active coping | - 0.06 | (− 0.70, 0.25) | 0.35 | - 0.08 | (− 0.68, 0.05) | 0.09 | - 0.05 | (− 0.48, 0.20) | 0.42 | |
| Denial | - 0.12 | (− 1.03, 0.02) | 0.06 | - 0.04 | (− 0.56, 0.18) | 0.32 | 0.02 | (− 0.29, 0.42) | 0.73 | |
| Substance use | 0.10 | (0.01, 0.76) | 0.045 | 0.07 | (0.00, 0.51) | 0.048 | - 0.07 | (− 0.47, 0.10) | 0.20 | |
| Emotional support | - 0.11 | (− 0.94, 0.13) | 0.14 | - 0.11 | (− 0.80, − 0.01) | 0.047 | 0.08 | (− 0.17, 0.64) | 0.25 | |
| Instrumental support | 0.01 | (− 0.46, 0.55) | 0.86 | 0.08 | (− 0.05, 0.66) | 0.10 | 0.02 | (− 0.35, 0.43) | 0.83 | |
| Behavioral disengagement | 0.10 | (− 0.02, 0.83) | 0.06 | 0.16 | (0.32, 0.95) | < 0.001 | 0.05 | (− 0.16, 0.50) | 0.30 | |
| Venting | - 0.12 | (− 0.96, 0.00) | 0.05 | - 0.09 | (− 0.75, − 0.04) | 0.03 | - 0.15 | (− 0.84, − 0.14) | 0.006 | |
| Positive reframing | 0.07 | (− 0.16, 0.66) | 0.24 | - 0.04 | (− 0.45, 0.19) | 0.43 | - 0.16 | (− 0.75, − 0.09) | 0.01 | |
| Planning | - 0.05 | (− 0.70, 0.27) | 0.38 | - 0.11 | (− 0.75, − 0.04) | 0.03 | 0.04 | (− 0.24, 0.43) | 0.57 | |
| Humor | - 0.05 | (− 0.60, 0.22) | 0.36 | - 0.08 | (− 0.6, − 0.04) | 0.03 | - 0.02 | (− 0.39, 0.24) | 0.64 | |
| Acceptance | 0.10 | (− 0.03, 0.73) | 0.07 | 0.11 | (0.10, 0.67) | 0.007 | - 0.01 | (− 0.32, 0.27) | 0.85 | |
| Religion | 0.00 | (− 0.42, 0.44) | 0.96 | - 0.04 | (− 0.44, 0.13) | 0.29 | 0.02 | (− 0.26, 0.36) | 0.75 | |
| Self-blame | 0.25 | (0.50, 1.26) | < 0.001 | 0.24 | (0.63, 1.27) | < 0.001 | 0.23 | (0.37, 1.08) | < 0.001 | |
| R2 | 0.45 | < 0.001 | 0.42 | < 0.001 | 0.30 | < 0.001 | ||||
a Underlying disease that could easily be exacerbated by coronavirus; CI: confidence interval.
CI: confidence interval.