Table 2.
Two-sample Mendelian randomization estimations showing the effects of diet-derived antioxidants on the risk of stroke.
| Outcomes | Exposures | Inverse-variance weighted | Weighted median | MR-Egger | MR-RAPS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | OR (95% CI) | p value | ||
| Stroke | Vit. C (ascorbate) | 0.98 (0.82-1.16) | 7.86E − 01 | 0.88 (0.78-1.00) | 5.67E − 02 | 0.87 (0.48-1.59) | 6.66E − 01 | 0.93 (0.81-1.06) | 2.73E − 01 |
| Vit. E (α-tocopherol) | 1.01 (0.62-1.64) | 9.65E − 01 | 0.80 (0.46-1.38) | 4.29E − 01 | 0.62 (0.10-3.70) | 6.33E − 01 | 0.99 (0.59-1.66) | 9.59E − 01 | |
| Vit. E (γ-tocopherol) | 0.68 (0.52-0.88) | 3.78E − 03 | 0.68 (0.48-0.96) | 3.09E − 02 | 0.80 (0.21-3.03) | 7.57E − 01 | 0.66 (0.50-0.87) | 3.38E − 03 | |
| Carotene | 0.94 (0.76-1.18) | 6.08E − 01 | 1.02 (0.78-1.32) | 8.91E − 01 | 1.02 (0.63-1.67) | 9.24E − 01 | 0.94 (0.76-1.17) | 5.80E − 01 | |
| Vit. A (retinol) | 0.90 (0.71-1.14) | 3.80E − 01 | 0.86 (0.63-1.16) | 3.14E − 01 | 1.22 (0.63-2.37) | 5.74E − 01 | 0.87 (0.69-1.11) | 2.64E − 01 | |
| Zinc | 0.99 (0.96-1.03) | 7.55E − 01 | 0.99 (0.95-1.04) | 8.15E − 01 | 0.90 (0.80-1.01) | 1.18E − 01 | 1.00 (0.96-1.03) | 8.32E − 01 | |
| Selenium | 0.99 (0.95-1.03) | 5.60E − 01 | 0.99 (0.95-1.04) | 7.91E − 01 | 1.02 (0.93-1.11) | 7.55E − 01 | 0.99 (0.95-1.03) | 5.71E − 01 | |
| Ischemic stroke | Vit. C (ascorbate) | 0.99 (0.82-1.20) | 9.26E − 01 | 0.91 (0.79-1.05) | 1.84E − 01 | 0.88 (0.45-1.71) | 7.18E − 01 | 0.95 (0.81-1.11) | 5.16E − 01 |
| Vit. E (α-tocopherol) | 1.07 (0.68-1.69) | 7.59E − 01 | 0.88 (0.50-1.54) | 6.47E − 01 | 0.85 (0.15-4.77) | 8.67E − 01 | 1.07 (0.64-1.78) | 7.93E − 01 | |
| Vit. E (γ-tocopherol) | 0.66 (0.51-0.86) | 2.34E − 03 | 0.67 (0.46-0.98) | 3.78E − 02 | 0.67 (0.19-2.45) | 5.75E − 01 | 0.65 (0.48-0.87) | 3.56E − 03 | |
| Carotene | 0.89 (0.73-1.09) | 2.66E − 01 | 0.92 (0.70-1.20) | 5.27E − 01 | 0.97 (0.61-1.54) | 8.88E − 01 | 0.88 (0.72-1.07) | 2.03E − 01 | |
| Vit. A (retinol) | 0.88 (0.67-1.15) | 3.57E − 01 | 0.86 (0.61-1.20) | 3.71E − 01 | 1.14 (0.52-2.49) | 7.60E − 01 | 0.85 (0.66-1.09) | 2.03E − 01 | |
| Zinc | 0.99 (0.95-1.02) | 4.69E − 01 | 0.99 (0.94-1.04) | 5.97E − 01 | 0.88 (0.78-1.00) | 9.84E − 02 | 0.99 (0.95-1.03) | 5.94E − 01 | |
| Selenium | 0.99 (0.95-1.03) | 6.05E − 01 | 0.99 (0.94-1.04) | 6.83E − 01 | 1.00 (0.91-1.11) | 9.33E − 01 | 0.99 (0.95-1.03) | 6.15E − 01 | |
p values in bold indicate they achieved the nominal significance (p < 0.05). Vit.: vitamin; MR: Mendelian randomization; CI: confidence interval; OR: odds ratio.