Table 3.
Disaggregated results by monthly COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths per million population
| Model 3.1 | Model 3.2 | Model 3.3 | Model 3.4 | Model 3.5 | Model 3.6 | Model 3.7 | Model 3.8 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Confirmed cases per million (April) | Confirmed cases per million (May) | Confirmed cases per million (June) | Confirmed cases per million (July) | Death per million (April) | Death per million (May) | Death per million (June) | Death per million (July) | |
| Poverty rate | 121.301*** | 215.627*** | 342.710*** | 410.415*** | 7.994*** | 12.153*** | 15.024*** | 17.619*** |
| Income inequality (top 20%/bottom 20%) |
(34.209) 488.330*** |
(54.063) 696.127*** |
(86.555) 602.336** |
(99.254) 488.079 |
(1.835) 21.262** |
(2.346) 42.902*** |
(2.972) 53.313*** |
(3.314) 59.184*** |
| Ranking of health behavior |
(124.407) − 1490.127** |
(215.047) − 2585.192** |
(300.547) − 4264.21*** |
(329.954) − 6,413.88*** |
(9.273) − 96.686*** |
(11.905) − 88.281* |
(14.912) − 90.650 |
(16.257) − 111.469* |
| Ranking of clinical care |
(669.342) 2153.669*** |
(1119.664) 6294.251*** |
(1468.484) 8197.776*** |
(1639.343) 9474.772*** |
(36.245) 100.843* |
(50.281) 126.632 |
(59.118) 176.103* |
(64.482) 188.559* |
| Ranking of physical environment |
(699.200) 1573.812 |
(1930.937) 3064.322 |
(2240.832) 6667.131*** |
(2454.481) 11149.690*** |
(55.919) 70.934 |
(78.301) 167.877* |
(90.256) 200.815* |
(97.606) 237.658* |
| Rural (%) |
(1123.540) − 21.122*** |
(1965.798) − 33.797*** |
(2539.666) − 40.905*** |
(2919.682) − 53.906*** |
(60.971) − 1.296*** |
(92.138) − 1.896*** |
(110.222) − 2.168*** |
(121.801) − 2.346*** |
| Log of median income |
(3.122) 3730.284*** |
(5.596) 6974.365*** |
(6.795) 8495.211*** |
(7.782) 8243.350*** |
(0.223) 116.974*** |
(0.307) 230.315*** |
(0.364) 285.173*** |
(0.391) 321.438*** |
| Female (%) |
(904.641) − 32.329 |
(1344.147) − 144.676 |
(1927.881) − 192.262 |
(2171.370) − 157.568 |
(38.770) 4.292** |
(55.271) 8.375*** |
(67.005) 13.065*** |
(73.356) 16.124*** |
| Sixty-five plus (%) |
(60.288) 11.876 |
(117.623) − 85.847** |
(156.976) − 200.640*** |
(167.129) − 376.260*** |
(1.984) 3.411*** |
(2.880) 5.003*** |
(3.537) 4.463*** |
(3.960) 3.079 |
| Some college (%) |
(17.730) − 58.218*** |
(34.752) − 142.918*** |
(51.530) − 184.884*** |
(59.702) − 229.845*** |
(0.868) − 0.927** |
(1.351) − 2.687*** |
(1.687) − 3.925*** |
(1.961) − 5.582*** |
| Unemployment rate |
(12.944) − 152.566*** |
(30.783) − 247.976*** |
(35.116) − 143.890 |
(36.823) 69.242 |
(0.436) − 9.513*** |
(0.771) − 12.435*** |
(0.974) − 10.835** |
(1.062) − 5.594 |
| Long commute—driving alone |
(39.900) 20.758*** |
(81.411) 6.442 |
(170.265) − 18.929 |
(209.397) − 36.133** |
(2.600) 2.046*** |
(3.927) 3.140*** |
(4.992) 3.218*** |
(6.354) 3.098*** |
| (5.995) | (10.542) | (13.789) | (15.290) | (0.459) | (0.669) | (0.767) | (0.817) | |
| State FE | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
| Constant |
− 36,984.58*** (9,301.906) |
− 57,164.25*** (14,171.890) |
− 62,741.67*** (21,452.565) |
− 47,724.24* (24,613.726) |
− 1,631.65*** (466.472) |
− 3,035.66*** (651.779) |
− 3,778.95*** (796.588) |
− 4,149.48*** (875.303) |
| R2 | 0.24 | 0.22 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.37 |
| N | 3075 | 3075 | 3075 | 3075 | 3075 | 3075 | 3075 | 3075 |
Robust standard errors are in parenthesis *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01. The VIF test result is 2.32 in all models, so there is no issue of multicollinearity problem