Figure 1.
Overview of longitudinal multi-omic analysis of COVID-19 patients and their association with PASC
(A) Overview of study design for INCOV and HAARVI cohorts. Assays run on plasma and isolated PBMCs, and patient clinical/symptom data are shown. Bottom-right boxes of each icon denote if assay was performed for INCOV (blue) and/or HAARVI (pink).
(B) Boxplots showing ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay) measured SARS-CoV-2 RBD IgG antibody titers in healthy individuals and T3 COVID-19 patients with and without respiratory support in their acute stage. ∗∗p value < 0.01, ∗∗∗∗p value < 0.0001.
(C) Line plot showing frequency of different symptoms in full INCOV cohort (red), subset of INCOV cohort with acute severity WOS ≤ 3 (no respiratory support), and the MyCOVIDDiary cohort.
(D) Heatmap showing the ln(odds ratio) for the associations between pre-existing conditions and clinical measurements from EHR and PASC, adjusted for age, sex, and disease severity (WOS > 3). Associations with significance of p > 0.05 were masked as gray. Only single PASCs that showed statistical significance or the four PASC categories were shown. SpO2, blood oxygen saturation. ∗p value < 0.05 and ∗∗p value < 0.01.
(E) Boxplots showing plasma protein-based “negative regulation of the circadian rhythm” pathway enrichment (left) and cortisol and cortisone levels (middle and right) from T3 patients with (orange) and without (blue) a specific symptom or from unexposed healthy controls (green). ∗p value < 0.05, ∗∗p value < 0.01, ∗∗∗p value < 0.001, and ∗∗∗∗p value < 0.0001.
(F) Barplot showing the viral load level in plasma quantified by the percentage of samples tested positive for viral fragments (RNAemia or viremia) multiplied by the average copy number/mL of these positive samples for SARS-CoV-2 (red), EBV (blue), and CMV (green).
(G) Forest plot showing ln(odds ratios) with 95% confidence intervals for associations of PASC with SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia at T1 (top) or EBV Viremia at T1 (bottom), both adjusted for disease severity (WOS > 3, needed respiratory support), sex, and age. The independent associations of disease severity, sex, and age with PASC are also displayed on the same plot. ∗p value < 0.05, ∗∗p value < 0.01, and ∗∗∗p value < 0.001. See also Figure S1 and Tables S1 and S2.