Figure 2.

Violin plots depicting significant variation in behavior, life-history, and fertility traits between non-exposed (light-coloured violins) and robot-exposed animals (dark-coloured violins)

(A) Group-behaviour measures of mosquitofish and tadpoles in the experimental arena, (B) routine activity and feeding rate of mosquitofish in their housing mesocosm tanks, and (C) life-history and fertility traits of mosquitofish weeks after behavioral assays in the experimental arena. Raw data (violins) and estimated marginal means (EMMs, boxes) are presented. EMMs allow refined comparisons between treatments on each trait after accounting for the contribution of covariates (fixed and random effects) included in the model. Plots are presented only for traits in which the fixed effect treatment explained a significant portion of the variation observed in the model.