FIGURE 7.

Dual histone deacetylase (HDAC) and tumour‐promoting pathway inhibitors suppress gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) organoid growth. (A) Representative brightfield microscopy images of GBC organoids after 4 days of treatment with CUDC101 and CUDC907 at 5 μM and 10 μM, respectively. Scale bars: 200 μm. (B) Cell viability of normal and GBC organoids after 4 days’ treatment with CUDC907 at different concentrations. (C) The expression levels of phosphor‐AKT, AKT and acetylated histone H3 were determined by western blot, and β‐actin was used as a loading control. (D) The GBC organoids were inoculated subcutaneously into nude mice. Representative images of the xenograft tumours. (E) The tumour volumes were measured, and the results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01. (F) Immunohistological (IHC) staining of cleaved Caspase 9, Ki67, phospho‐AKT and acetylated histone H3 in the tumour tissues from each group. Scale bars: 100 μm