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. 2021 Oct 6;74(1):27–39. doi: 10.1007/s43440-021-00329-w

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Changes in kynurenine pathway during chronic kidney disease. In chronic kidney disease was found lower serum concentration of Trp in both, animal and human studies. Conversely, higher serum KYN, KYNA, 3-OHKYN, AA, XA and QA were reported, suggesting kynurenine pathway activation in chronic kidney disease. 3-OHKYN 3-hydroxykynurenine, AA anthranilic acid, IDO indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, KAT kynurenine aminotransferase, KYN kynurenine, KYNA kynurenic acid, QA quinolinic acid, TDO tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, Trp tryptophan, XA xanthurenic acid. Created with BioRender.com