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. 2022 Jan 24;12:1198. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-04854-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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U-Net segmentation model on tiles of size $512 \times 512$ pixels, with 4 down-sampling (encoder) and up-sampling (decoder) blocks linked by skip connections. A batch normalization layer is inserted before the ReLU non-linearity in all the convolutional layers and dropout adds further regularization in the bottleneck. The image is drawn by PlotNeuralNet V1.0.0²⁷.