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. 2022 Jan 24;12:1207. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-05228-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Concentration values of the metabolites for NC NW (red) and WD SW (black) mice during the 28 weeks investigated. The results are expressed as mean ± S.D. *: p < 0.05, **: p < 0.01 vs NC NW T4; #: p < 0.05, ##: p < 0.01 vs NC NW T3; ^: p < 0.05, ^^: p < 0.01, ^^^: p < 0.001 vs WD SW T0; °: p < 0.05 vs NC NW T0. i.u.: institutional units. NC NW: Normal Chow Normal Water, WD SW: Western Diet Sugar Water; T0: 0 weeks, T1: 4 weeks, T2: 8 weeks, T3: 20 weeks, T4: 28 weeks. tNAA, total N-acetylaspartate; tCr, total creatine; tCho, total choline; Glu, glutamate; Gln, Glutamine; Glx, glutamate + glutamine; Tau, Taurine.