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. 2022 Jan 24;13:467. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-28090-5

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 9 — a Schematic of the experimental design for testing the effect of optogenetically induced hippocampal ripples on the prefrontal network. An excitatory opsin (AAV2/9-CaMKIIa-ChETA) was injected in the dCA1 and a silicon probe paired with an optic fiber was inserted to generate opto-rippled and to record the induced activity. Simultaneously, a silicon probe was implanted in the mPFC to record the effect of the intrinsic and optogenetically induced ripples. b Example histological reconstruction of the opsin expression in the dorsal hippocampus. c Example trace (top) and wavelet real part (middle) and power (bottom) of the oscillation generated in the dCA1 pyramidal layer during the optogenetic stimulation. Note the similarity with ripple oscillations. d Cross-correlation of firing with respect to optogenetic stimulation for one example dCA1 neuron and raster-plot for all events. e Probability distribution of the frequency of evoked oscillations during light stimulation (N = 3 mice). f Example average evoked response in the mPFC LFP triggered on the opto-ripple generation in the dCA1. g Example trajectory of the mPFC population around the time of inspiration when an opto-ripple is generated during inspiration. h Evoked response in the mPFC neuronal population triggered on the opto-ripple generation in the dCA1. Inset, distribution of the evoked response amplitude for all cells (n = 398 cells). i Z-score normalized prefrontal neuron evoked activity magnitude (n = 788/397 cells) in response to intrinsic for pre and post-OD conditions (top) and optogenetically-generated (n = 342 cells) (bottom) ripples, as a function of the respiratory phase of occurrence of the ripple. Shaded areas, mean ± SEM. arb. units arbitrary units.